干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): 乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响

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	乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响
其他题名	Development of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan and its impact on ecological environment and economic development
	李琦; 李发东; 王国勤; 乔云峰; Kulmatov Rashid; 彭宇; Khasanov Sayidjakhon; 刘洪光; 何新林; 杨广
来源期刊	干旱区地理
ISSN	1000-6060
出版年	2021
卷号	44 期号:6 页码:1810-1820
中文摘要	乌兹别克斯坦作为中亚干旱区重要的农业大国,由于其独有的气候条件,灌溉是决定其农业生产的主要控制因素,因此,研究其灌溉农业发展历程对于保障农业生产与自然环境安全具有重要意义。通过查阅乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展领域的相关文献,结合联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国数据检索系统等官方网站提供的资料数据,总结灌溉农田面积、人口、主要作物产量及农业产值等数据的变化规律,阐述了乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业的发展历程,分析讨论由农业灌溉引起的一系列环境问题及其对社会经济的影响。结果表明:(1)由于气候干旱少雨,乌兹别克斯坦灌溉用水主要来自阿姆河及锡尔河,下游河道径流量及咸海蓄水量持续下降,暴露河床内大量松散沉积物并导致频繁的沙尘天气。(2)乌兹别克斯坦整体农业灌溉技术较为落后,过度引水使得部分地表径流汇聚在灌区低洼地带,抬升地下水位,最终引发严重的区域土壤盐渍化,故全面推广先进灌排技术,是该国未来灌溉农业与生态环境健康发展的主要方向。(3)农业生产是乌兹别克斯坦重要的经济来源,对国内生产总值有显著的正向影响。此研究可为干旱区农业发展及水资源管理提供借鉴。
英文摘要	In this paper, the latest relevant data of Uzbekistan were obtained from the databases of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations data retrieval system. The development history of irrigated agriculture was investigated by analyzing the data on irrigated areas and the population and economic development in the country, and a series of environmental problems caused by unreasonable irrigation and their impact on the social economy were discussed. The results demonstrated that as Uzbekistan is a typical agricultural country, its irrigated agriculture has been developing steadily, supporting the food security and employment of the entire country. The agricultural irrigation area of Uzbekistan increased to 4.210~6 hm~2 in the 1990s and remained basically unchanged over the following 30 years. The main water sources for agricultural irrigation are the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and most irrigation methods are based on flood irrigation. Because of the dry climate with limited rainfall, long-term irrigation has led to a continuous decline of river flow and water storage in the Aral Sea. To cope with sluggish economic growth and food demand, increasing amounts of farmland were shifted from producing cotton to wheat in the 1990s, as wheat requires less water. However, the gradual phase-out of cotton exports in Uzbekistan and the conversion of its farmland from food to fruits and vegetables, done to transform its economic structure from over- reliance on agricultural production to a more economically rewarding system within the limited land, led to a sharp decline in wheat and cotton production in 2016. Additionally, the long-term use of relatively backward water supply systems and irrigation technology has caused a serious waste of water resources and a series of environmental problems. The flooding irrigation method coupled with strong evaporation and declining irrigation water quality along with the higher groundwater level has caused large-scale salinization of soil and made Uzbekistan the sixth largest country in terms of soil salinization, with a total of 2.110~6 hm~2 of salinized soil. The area of the Aral Sea also shrunk from 4.710~6-4.810~6 to 1.2 *10~6 hm~2 over the past 40 years, and the sea could vanish within the next 40 years, resulting in a significant reduction in water storage and a three-fold increase in salinity compared with 20 years ago. The drying up of the Aral Sea also exposed a large area of salty sediments and finally formed a new desert (the Aralkum) in 2000, causing frequent salt dust storms, which pose a serious threat to human respiratory health and the hydrological cycle. Agricultural production is economically important in Uzbekistan. It has a significant positive impact on gross domestic product and can effectively the effects of small fluctuations in the industrial and service sectors. Still, the problem of soil salinization in Uzbekistan is extremely complex. To effectively address the issue, it is necessary to fundamentally optimize the irrigation mode and drainage technology and implement advanced and efficient irrigation and drainage schemes, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface pipe network salt drainage. This study offers support for agricultural development and water resource management in arid areas.
中文关键词	灌溉 ; 干旱区 ; 农业 ; 棉花 ; 小麦 ; 乌兹别克斯坦 ; 中亚
英文关键词	irrigation arid land agriculture cotton wheat Uzbekistan Central Asia
类型	Article
语种	中文
收录类别	CSCD
WOS类目	Agriculture
CSCD记录号	CSCD:7114558
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/377657
作者单位	李琦, 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;;石河子大学水利建筑工程学院, 中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室;;, ;;石河子, 北京;;新疆 100101;;832000, 中国.; 李发东, 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;;石河子大学水利建筑工程学院;;中国科学院大学, 中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室;;;;, ;;石河子;;, 北京;;新疆;;北京 100101;;832000;;100049, 中国.; 王国勤, 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;;联合国环境署-国际生态系统管理伙伴关系, 中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室;;, ;;, 北京;;北京 100101;;100101, 中国.; 乔云峰, 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;;中国科学院大学, 中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室;;, ;;, 北京;;北京 100101;;100049, 中国.; 彭宇, 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;;中国科学院大学, 中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室;;, ;;, 北京;;北京 100101;;100049, 中国.; 刘洪光, 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院, 石河子, 新疆 832000, 中国.; 何新林, 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院, 石河子, 新疆 832000, 中国.; 杨广, 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院, 石河子, 新疆 832000, 中国.
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	李琦,李发东,王国勤,等. 乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响[J],2021,44(6):1810-1820.
APA	李琦.,李发东.,王国勤.,乔云峰.,Kulmatov Rashid.,...&杨广.(2021).乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响.干旱区地理,44(6),1810-1820.
MLA	李琦,et al."乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响".干旱区地理 44.6(2021):1810-1820.