干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects

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DOI	10.3390/insects13020117
	Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects
	Oladipupo, Seun O.; Wilson, Alan E.; Hu, Xing Ping; Appel, Arthur G.
通讯作者	Oladipupo, SO (corresponding author)，Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.
来源期刊	INSECTS
EISSN	2075-4450
出版年	2022
卷号	13 期号:2
英文摘要	Simple Summary: Insects breathe with the aid of thin capillary tubes that open out to the exterior of their body as spiracles. These spiracles are often modulated in a rhythmic gas pattern known as the discontinuous gas exchange cycle. During this cycle, spiracles are either firmly shut to allow no gaseous exchange or slightly open/fully open to allow for gaseous exchange. Two explanations are put forward to rationalize this process, namely, the rhythmic pattern is to (1) reduce water loss or (2) facilitate gaseous exchange in environments with high carbon dioxide and low oxygen. Interestingly, certain insects (such as some desert insects) do not use this rhythmic pattern where it would have been most beneficial and logical. Such an observation has led to the questioning of the explanations of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle. Consequently, we attempt to resolve this controversy by conducting a meta-analysis by synthesizing apposite data from across all insects where a discontinuous gas exchange cycle has been reported. A meta-analysis allows for a shift from viewing data through the lens of a single species to an order view. Thus, our goal is to use this holistic view of data to examine the explanations of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle across multiple groups of insects.& nbsp;The earliest description of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) in lepidopterous insects supported the hypothesis that the DGC serves to reduce water loss (hygric hypothesis) and facilitate gaseous exchange in hyperoxia/hypoxia (chthonic hypothesis). With technological advances, other insect orders were investigated, and both hypotheses were questioned. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the merit of both hypotheses. This included 46 insect species in 24 families across nine orders. We also quantified the percent change in metabolic rates per & DEG;C change of temperature during the DGC. The DGC reduced water loss (-3.27 & PLUSMN; 0.88; estimate & PLUSMN; 95% confidence limits [95% CI]; p < 0.0001) in insects. However, the DGC does not favor gaseous exchange in hyperoxia (0.21 & PLUSMN; 0.25 [estimate & PLUSMN; 95% CI]; p = 0.12) nor hypoxia, but did favor gaseous exchange in normoxia (0.27 & PLUSMN; 0.26 [estimate & PLUSMN; 95% CI]; p = 0.04). After accounting for variation associated with order, family, and species, a phylogenetic model reflected that metabolic rate exhibited a significant, non-zero increase of 8.13% (& PLUSMN; 3.48 95% CI; p < 0.0001) per & DEG;C increase in temperature. These data represent the first meta-analytic attempt to resolve the controversies surrounding the merit of adaptive hypotheses in insects.
英文关键词	& nbsp gas pattern (V)over dotCO(2) metabolic rate DGE DGC hygric chthonic hexapod respiratory physiology
类型	Review
语种	英语
开放获取类型	gold
收录类别	SCI-E
WOS记录号	WOS:000763803100001
WOS关键词	CARBON-DIOXIDE RELEASE ; WATER-LOSS ; METABOLIC-RATE ; RESPIRATORY PATTERNS ; SPIRACULAR CONTROL ; TRACHEAL SYSTEM ; HARVESTER ANTS ; TEMPERATURE ; DESERT ; VENTILATION
WOS类目	Entomology
WOS研究方向	Entomology
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/376373
作者单位	[Oladipupo, Seun O.; Hu, Xing Ping; Appel, Arthur G.] Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA; [Wilson, Alan E.] Auburn Univ, Sch Fisheries Aquaculture & Aquat Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Oladipupo, Seun O.,Wilson, Alan E.,Hu, Xing Ping,et al. Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects[J],2022,13(2).
APA	Oladipupo, Seun O.,Wilson, Alan E.,Hu, Xing Ping,&Appel, Arthur G..(2022).Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects.INSECTS,13(2).
MLA	Oladipupo, Seun O.,et al."Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects".INSECTS 13.2(2022).