Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| Islamic Commercial Cities in The Desert (Caravan Cities) | |
| [Anonymous] | |
| 来源期刊 | HESPERIS-TAMUDA
 |
| ISSN | 0018-1005 |
| 出版年 | 2021 |
| 卷号 | 56期号:3 |
| 英文摘要 | The Sahara had, for centuries, remained a nomadic space par excellence. The Bedouin and nomadic lifestyle had characterized its inhabitants. The tribe, rather than the city, was the main incubator of human society in the desert. The caravan trade had clearly changed the lifestyle of some nomads, for it led to a relative economic prosperity, which improved the living standards for some populations. To refer to Ibn Khaldoun's theory of Beduin urbanization, he argues that the Bedouin economic lifestyle is based on the subsistence level. If there is a surplus exceeding the subsistence line, this could lead to stability, which in turn leads to tranquility and stagnation. At this stage the Bedouins, argues Ibn Khaldun, establish cities, fortify them, and show interest in clothes and dresses. This is almost applicable to the situation in the Sahara. The rise of the caravan trade in the Saharan space and the emergence of a few caravan trade stations enabled a portion of the population in the region to gradually move from a pastoral nomadic lifestyle to commercial stability. The Great Sahara witnessed the emergence of ancient semi-urban pattems represented in the caravan cities, which had emerged, before the advent of Islam, as a result of the rise of the caravan trade since Antiquity in the Arabian Peninsula and its peripheries. The most famous of these cities were Petra, Palmyra, and Al-Hirah. As for the central African desert, the most famous caravan city was Ghadames, which was mentioned by the Greek writer and geographer, Herodotus. Due to Muslim merchants' interest in the gold of Western Sudan since the VIIIth century, caravan stations began to appear all along the desert roads connecting the Maghreb and Western Sudan. Despite the marginal nature of these cities, they enriched and diversified the physical space of Islam. These metropolises were a quasi-urban exception to the geography of the Bedouin desert and constituted a rupture on several leveis, particularly in the pattems of stability and the modes of space exploitation. We have divided the trade caravan cities that had emerged in the Western Saharan space since the medieval era into two generations: The first generation: the cities of Aoudaghost, Ghana, Tadmaka. These cities emerged, flourished, and decayed in the same period as that of Sijilmasa in the far Maghreb. They were mentioned in Arabic geographical literature in the VIIIh century. As soon as this first generation of cities fell into disrepair at the end of the XIVth century, the second generation started to emerge. These were represented in Walatah, Timbuktu, Ouadane, Tichit and Chinguetti. The cities of the second generation represented a continuity and an extension of the first-generation cities, particularly with regards to the trade functions, the urban patterns, and the methods of exploiting the quasi-urban space. The archaeological excavations of Jean Devise team at Tegdaoust (Aoudaghost) and Ghana (Kombi Saleh) suggest that the first generation cities had a great influence on the second-generation metropolises that are still alive, in defiance of time! |
| 英文关键词 | Islamic Cities Sahara Desert Caravan Cities Ksours of the Sahara Desert Saharan Urban Heritage History of Saharan Cities |
| 类型 | Article |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 收录类别 | ESCI |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:000742485800001 |
| WOS类目 | Humanities, Multidisciplinary |
| WOS研究方向 | Arts & Humanities - Other Topics |
| 资源类型 | 期刊论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/376156 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | [Anonymous]. Islamic Commercial Cities in The Desert (Caravan Cities)[J],2021,56(3). |
| APA | [Anonymous].(2021).Islamic Commercial Cities in The Desert (Caravan Cities).HESPERIS-TAMUDA,56(3). |
| MLA | [Anonymous]."Islamic Commercial Cities in The Desert (Caravan Cities)".HESPERIS-TAMUDA 56.3(2021). |
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