干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): Theoretical effects of industrial emissions on colour change at rock art sites on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia

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DOI	10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.02.026
	Theoretical effects of industrial emissions on colour change at rock art sites on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia
	Black, John L.; MacLeod, Ian D.; Smith, Benjamin W.
通讯作者	Black, JL (corresponding author), John L Black Consulting, POB 4021, Warrimoo, NSW 2774, Australia.
来源期刊	JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS
ISSN	2352-409X
出版年	2017
卷号	12 页码:457-462
英文摘要	Burrup Peninsula in northwest Western Australia, with an estimated one million petroglyphs, has the world's largest concentration of ancient rock art. It is one of a few places in the world where a continuous history of people living with a changing environment for over 40,000 years is recorded through rock art. The art is under threat due to high concentrations of acidic and nitrate-rich pollution from nearby industrial complexes. Maintenance of the outer, rock or desert varnish, layer of the rocks is essential for preservation of the art. An increase in acidity of rock surfaces through acid rain and organic acids from nitrate-stimulated microbial growth may alter the mineral composition, integrity and colour of the rock varnish. This paper describes analyses of distilled water washings from rocks on Burrup Peninsula compared with rocks collected prior to industrialisation. Acidity of rock surfaces has increased from near neutral to a pH just above 4. The increasing acidity has been associated with a logarithmic increase in solubilisation of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) compounds from the rock surfaces. A theoretical evaluation using electrochemical equilibrium principles confirms that increasing acidity will increase the solubilisation of Mn and Fe compounds. Removal of darker Mn and Fe mixed M(II)/M(III) compounds from the outer, rock varnish layer and the relative increase in ferrous oxide and illite/kaolin compounds will result in the rock surface layers becoming thinner, lighter, redder and more white/yellow over time. The impact on engraved surfaces would be expected to be greater because the rock varnish is thinner than on the non-engraved surface rock. Pollution from industry on Burrup Peninsula is likely to destroy the rock art over time. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Rock art Petroglyphs Rock varnish Desert varnish Colour change Acid load Industrial pollution Pourbaix diagrams
类型	Article
语种	英语
收录类别	AHCI
WOS记录号	WOS:000415616300044
WOS关键词	DESERT VARNISH ; PETROGLYPHS
WOS类目	Archaeology
WOS研究方向	Archaeology
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/361756
作者单位	[Black, John L.] John L Black Consulting, POB 4021, Warrimoo, NSW 2774, Australia; [MacLeod, Ian D.] Western Australian Maritime Museum, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; [Smith, Benjamin W.] Univ Western Australia, Ctr Rock Art Res & Management, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Black, John L.,MacLeod, Ian D.,Smith, Benjamin W.. Theoretical effects of industrial emissions on colour change at rock art sites on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia[J],2017,12:457-462.
APA	Black, John L.,MacLeod, Ian D.,&Smith, Benjamin W..(2017).Theoretical effects of industrial emissions on colour change at rock art sites on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia.JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS,12,457-462.
MLA	Black, John L.,et al."Theoretical effects of industrial emissions on colour change at rock art sites on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia".JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS 12(2017):457-462.