Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 项目编号 | 19-16-00114 |
| A bioresource potential of forage halophytes and perspectives for their use in selection | |
| Shamsutdinov Zebri | |
| 主持机构 | Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology", |
| 开始日期 | 2019 |
| 结束日期 | 2021 |
| 资助机构 | RU-RSF（俄罗斯科学基金会） |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 国家 | 俄罗斯 |
| 中文简介 | 06 - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 06-106 - Horticulture |
| 英文简介 | Over three recent decades, we have witnessed an interest shown by research community in studying halophytes and assessing their potential for using for sustainable development of viable agriculture and optimization of environmental parameters in arid regions of the world. Halophytes (the word derives from galos ‘salt’ and phyton ‘plant) are defined as ecologically, physiologically, biochemically distinct wild plants that can thrive and complete their life cycles in saline environment and/or respond to irrigation with saline water. The survival of halophytes and their ability to offer high biomass output in saline environments is explained by their ecological, physiological and biochemical properties, in particular by the ability to excrete excess salt into the environment, thus maintaining the salt balance in the cellular cytoplasm, and the ability to increase the osmotic pressure in the halophytic cells due to accumulation of ions and low-molecular organic compounds (such as prolins, betains) by the cells enabling utilization of hard-to-get soil waters. In addition, most halophytes belong to С4 plant families which are more water use efficient as compared to C3 plants, i.e. require fewer water units for fixation of one СО2 unit to yield one unit of dry matter. At present, a search for land and water resources sufficient to satisfy the global needs in food presents one of the overarching and global challenges. According to the estimates of FAO, as many as 200 mln. ha need to be reclaimed in the nearest 30 years to produce enough food to meet the demands of the world’s exploding population. Alternative plant resources, water and land sources are required for crop area expansion. Halophytes that can grow and produce crops on saline soils and/or withstand irrigation with saline water meet these requirements. Analysis and assessment of genetic resources of halophytes have shown that about 2000 out of all plant species are halophytes which are grouped into 550 genera and 120 families. The top-ten leading halophytic families are Chenopodiaceae Vent., Poaceae Barnhart, Asteraceae Dumort., Plumbaginaceae Juss., Aizoaceae Rudolphi, Cyperaceae Juss., Papilionaceae Giseke, Tamaricaceae Link, Arecaceae Sch. Bip., Zygophyllaceae R. Br., which account for more than half (56.17%) of all halophytic plant species. The Chenopodiaceae family includes the biggest number of halophytic species (23.75%). The contributions of other families is also substantial. Indeed, the world flora includes Poaceae (137 species), Asteraceae (69 species), Plumbaginaceae (57 species), Aizoaceae (53) families that are exclusively halophytic and constitute the halophytic core of all regional floras. The Russia’s halophytic flora includes over 500 (more exactly, 512) species which are grouped into 255 genera and 55 families. The global and Russia’s genetic resources of halophytes can serve a starting material and provide a material basis for selective breeding of edaphically differentiated, forage plant varieties. Until recently, this huge economical and ecological potential of halophytes, high-salinity lands and really non-exhaustible resources of saline waters have by no way been used for increasing the productivity of crop farming and offering a vial solution to the challenge of increasing food production. One of possible explanations for this is the lack of plant varieties that are ecologically divergent, adapted to thrive on saline soils and in the open (shifting) sand habitats and demonstrating an extreme resistance to salinity stress. In view of this, the main objective of the project is to produce ecologically divergent, forage halophyte varieties with an extreme resistance to salinity stress based on the wild halophytic resources. The selective breeding process will include 3 investigational phases: (1) an analysis of the botanical and genetic diversity of the forage halophyte starting material; (2) the selection and studying of perspective genotypes; and (3) production and evaluation of the breeding stock. Intraspecific ecotypes and populations of economically valuables species of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. (53 samples), Salsola orientalis S.G. Gmel. (27 samples), Camphorosma lessingii Litv. (17 samples) and Eurotia ceratoides L. (32 samples) of different ecogeographical origin will serve as starting material. The breeding activity will be performed in the semi-desert and dry steppe zones of Russia. Initially, wild forage halophytic ecotypes will be used as the starting material for selective breeding. The evidence from geobotanical and ecological studies prove consistently the truthfulness of a commonly held view on a plant species as a complex system of geographical and ecotopic populations that mirrors the divergence of environmental conditions within the species natural area rather than something that is monolithic, rigid and undivided. For this reason, it is specific climatic, edaphic, phytocenotic, pasturable, meadow ecotypes that will be the major subjects to, and units of, selection. Different ecotypes have different reaction norms and, consequently, unequal potentials for adaptation. Establishing an adaptation pattern from individual traits or their combinations and evaluating the adaptation range in the existing environments will provide the key to identifying the adaptation potential and productivity of the selected ecotypes within a given species. Intraspecific ecogeographical halophytic ecotypes will be identified based on morphobiological characteristics and also by the method of meso-structural analysis of the plant photosynthesis apparatus. The halophytic species of the Chenopodiaceae family encompass four major types of Kranz anatomy such as atriplicoid, kochioid, salsoloid, and suaedioid. Within these anatomic groups, an analysis and identification of halophytic ecotypes demonstrating specific features of the meso-structural pattern will be performed. The plant moisture status is an important ecological characteristic of intraspecific ecotypes. With this in mind, a study will be conducted to evaluate the intensity of transpiration, day-time water deficiency, concentrations of the cellular fluid in the halophytic samples of different ecogeographical origin which are grown in the collection nursery located in the semi-desert zone of the Northwest Pre-Caspian region (Republic of Kalmykia). Numerous data suggest that differences in drought and water deficiency tolerance are most frequently due to the differences in size of the root system. In this context, digging up and sketching of the root systems of economically valuable halophytic plants, such as Kochia prostrata, Salsola orientalis, Camphorosma lessingii, Eurotia ceratoides, will be performed to determine the volume of the soil medium used by the plants in a semi-arid climatic environment. The project is aimed at studying an intraspecific ecotypic population organization of economically valuable halophytic dwarf semi shrubs and semi shrubs and a diversity of their economic traits, and developing a program for selection based on the genetic pool of valuable wild forage halophytic plants and implementation of the initial phase involving creation of the first ecologically differentiated varieties of forage halophytes such as Kochia prostrata, Salsola orientalis, Camphorosma lessingii dwarf semi shrubs and Eurotia ceratoides semi shrub. In the setting of collection and breeding nurseries, in similar agroecological conditions, the following specific traits will be considered to identify evolved, genetically determined genotypes: 1) carrying capacity, 2) seed yield and quality, 3) meadow and pasturable ecotypes, 4) protein content and protein output per unit area, 5) pattern and rate of growth of the plant root systems throughout the ontogenesis, 6) vegetal discharge, etc. The perspective selected samples (genotypes) identified based on the analysis of the above economic traits will undergo a competitive variety testing trial in accordance with the instructional guidelines issued by the State Commission of Russia on Crop Variety Testing. Project outcomes: a new concept of an intraspecific ecotypic population organization of the wild forage halophytes will be proposed; the ecoevolutionary principles will be developed for introduction of economically valuable forage halophytes improved through selective breeding; new varieties will be bred, with an extreme tolerance to saline stress and adapted to thrive on saline, brown semi-desert soils and saline, sandy semi-desert soils (being rain-fed only), at an annual rainfall of 180 to 250 mm. |
| 英文关键词 | bioresource potential halophytes genotype ecotype selection salt tolerance xerothermic conditions semi-desert |
| 来源学科分类 | 06 - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 06-106 - Horticulture |
| 资源类型 | 项目 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/356055 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Shamsutdinov Zebri.A bioresource potential of forage halophytes and perspectives for their use in selection.2019. |
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