干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): 养分专家系统推荐施肥对甜瓜产量品质和土壤氮素淋失的影响

Arid

	养分专家系统推荐施肥对甜瓜产量品质和土壤氮素淋失的影响
其他题名	Effect of fertilizer recommendation based on Nutrient Expert system on yield and quality of melon and soil nitrogen leaching
	温美娟; 杨思存; 王成宝; 霍琳; 姜万礼
来源期刊	植物营养与肥料学报
ISSN	1008-505X
出版年	2020
卷号	26 期号:12
中文摘要	【目的】养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)是利用作物多年产量水平和施肥历史进行推荐施肥的轻简化施肥技术。本研究从甜瓜产量品质和土壤养分的淋洗、平衡角度,对该方法在甜瓜上应用的可行性进行验证。【方法】以甜瓜品种楼兰17号'为试材,于20172018年在甘肃省瓜州县向阳村进行了推荐施肥田间试验。在养分专家系统推荐施氮量N 300 kg/hm~2(NE, N300)的基础上,设置NE 25%N(N225和N375)、NE 50%N(N150和N450) 4个施氮量处理,以不施氮肥为对照(N0)。在成熟期,测定甜瓜产量、品质、地上部干物质积累量、果实氮素吸收量、氮肥利用率、0200 cm土层硝态氮累积量,分析土壤氮素平衡状况。【结果】2017和2018年甜瓜产量均以NE系统推荐的N300处理最高,较N0处理两年平均增产24. 7%,施氮量0~300 kg/hm~2范围内,甜瓜产量随施氮水平的增加而增加,超过NE推荐施氮量(300 kg/hm~2)时产量下降;在NE推荐的施氮量(300 kg/hm~2)时甜瓜品质最优,商品率、经济效益最高,施氮量不足或过量都不利于甜瓜品质的形成;氮肥利用率、氮肥养分内在效率随施氮量的增加而降低, 但N225和N300处理差异不显著,果实吸氮量在N300处理时最高,N300处理氮素收获指数明显高于其他施氮处理;0200 cm土层硝态氮累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,2 0 1 7年硝态氮主要残留在0 1 0 0 cm土层,占0 2 0 0 cm土层硝态氮积累量的4 3. 9 %~5 5. 3 %,2 0 1 8年硝态氮主要残留在1 0 0 2 0 0 cm土层,占0 2 0 0 cm土层硝态氮积累量的44.8%~69.9%;0100 cm土层氮素表观损失量随施氮量的增加而增加,甜瓜植株地上部吸氮量两年平均占氮素输出量的33.2%、氮素残留量占氮素输出量的33.1%、氮素表观损失量占氮素输出量的42.1%;甜瓜产量、地上部吸氮量及氮素残留量和施氮量的多曲线分析拟合得出,甜瓜最高吸氮量的施氮量为323 kg/hm~2,最高产量的施氮量为293 kg/hm~2。施氮量每增加30 kg/hm~2,产量增加886.5 kg/hm~2,增幅为2.1%;土壤硝态氮增加8.5 kg/hm~2,增幅为37.6%。【结论】不论是产量和品质,还是氮素收获指数,NE系统推荐的施氮300 kg/hm~2处理都取得了最优的效果。当超过推荐施氮量时,主要增加茎叶干物质量,但会降低果实的产量和品质。在供试生态条件下,土壤中硝态氮累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,且向下淋洗明显,试验的第一年主要积累在0100 cm土层,第二年则下移至100200 cm土层,环境风险增加。当氮素施用量超过300 kg/hm~2时,氮素表观损失量 >氮素残留量 >植株地上部吸氮量。因此,在生态脆弱区,限制氮肥过量投入不仅是产量和品质的需要,也是实现环境可持续的要求。
英文摘要	【Objectives】The Nutrient Expert (NE) system is thought feasible and practical in fertilizer recommendation as it does not need soil or plant test. We verified the effects of the NE system in melon production through yield and quality effect and soil N behavior in the ecologically fragile area.【Methods】 Melon field experiments were carried out in Guazhou County, Gansu Province in 2017 and 2018, using melon cultivar Loulan17 as materials. On the base of NE recommended N rate of 300 kg/hm~2 (N300), the N application rate treatments were set up by 25% (N225, N375) and 50% (N150 and N450). At harvest, melon yield,quality, above-ground N uptake and fertilizer N use efficiencies were measured. Soil samples were collected at 0-100 and 100-200 cm depth, and NO_3~--N content were determined, at last the total nitrogen loss were calculated.【Results】In the both year 2017 and 2018, the melon yield was highest in N300 treatment recommended by NE, with an average increase of 24.7% compared with N0 treatment for two years. When N rate was <300 kg/hm~2, the melon yield increased with the N rate increased; when N rate was > 300 kg/hm~2, melon yield didn't continue increasing with N rate. The melon quality and commodity rate was the best at N application rate of 300 kg/hm~2, and insufficient or excessive N application was not conducive to the formation of quality. N use efficiency and internal efficiency of N decreased with the N application, but there was no significant difference between N225 and N300. N harvest index was highest in N300. The accumulation of nitrate N in 0-200 cm soil layer increased with the N application, the highest soil NO_3~--N content were observed in 0-100 cm soil layers,account for 43.9%-55.3% of 0-200 cm layer in 2017, while in 2018, the highest soil NO_3~--N content was observed at 100-200 cm soil layers, account for 44.8%-69.9% of 0-200 cm layer. Soil NO_3~--N accumulation and N apparent loss were increased with the N application rates, and melon N uptakes, NO_3~--N accumulation and N apparent loss accounted for 33.2%, 33.1% and 42.1% respectively. Multi-curve analysis of melon yield, N uptake and nitrate N residue showed that the highest N uptake rate of N application was 323 kg/hm~2 and maximum yield of N application was 293 kg/hm~2. The yield increased by 886.5 kg/hm~2 or 2.1% and nitrate N increased by 8.5 kg/hm~2 or 37.6% with the increase of N application rate per 30 kg/hm~2. 【Conclusions】The NE recommended N rate of 300 kg/hm~2 has achieved the highest yield and quality of melon and the highest nitrogen harvest index. With N rate of 300 kg/hm~2, the NO_3~--N accumulation in 0-100 cm and 100-200 cm soil layers are significantly lower the higher N rates, and not significantly higher than the lower N rates. Higher than N rate of 300 kg/hm~2 will only increase the biomass of veins and leaves, and decrease the yield and quality of melon, and increase the N loss significantly. The satisfactory yield, quality and environmental outcomes indicate the feasible and practical effect of the NE system in fertilizer recommendation for melon production in Gansu Oasis.
中文关键词	养分专家系统 ; 甜瓜 ; 产量 ; 硝态氮累积量 ; 氮素利用率 ; 氮素平衡
英文关键词	Expert Nutrient system melon yield nitrate accumulation nitrogen use efficiency nitrogen balance
类型	Article
语种	中文
收录类别	CSCD
WOS类目	Agriculture
CSCD记录号	CSCD:6895127
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/354017
作者单位	温美娟, 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所, 兰州, 甘肃 730070, 中国. 杨思存, 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所, 兰州, 甘肃 730070, 中国. 王成宝, 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所, 兰州, 甘肃 730070, 中国. 霍琳, 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所, 兰州, 甘肃 730070, 中国. 姜万礼, 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所, 兰州, 甘肃 730070, 中国.
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	温美娟,杨思存,王成宝,等. 养分专家系统推荐施肥对甜瓜产量品质和土壤氮素淋失的影响[J],2020,26(12).
APA	温美娟,杨思存,王成宝,霍琳,&姜万礼.(2020).养分专家系统推荐施肥对甜瓜产量品质和土壤氮素淋失的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,26(12).
MLA	温美娟,et al."养分专家系统推荐施肥对甜瓜产量品质和土壤氮素淋失的影响".植物营养与肥料学报 26.12(2020).