干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India

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DOI	10.5194/tc-15-2273-2021
	The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India
	Wani, John Mohd; Thayyen, Renoj J.; Ojha, Chandra Shekhar Prasad; Gruber, Stephan
通讯作者	Wani, JM (corresponding author), Indian Inst Technol IIT, Dept Civil Engn, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India.
来源期刊	CRYOSPHERE
ISSN	1994-0416
EISSN	1994-0424
出版年	2021
卷号	15 期号:5 页码:2273-2293
英文摘要	Recent studies have shown the cold and arid trans-Himalayan region comprises significant areas underlain by permafrost. While the information on the permafrost characteristics of this region started emerging, the governing energy regime is of particular interest. This paper presents the results of a surface energy balance (SEB) study carried out in the upper Ganglass catchment in the Ladakh region of India which feeds directly into the Indus River. The point-scale SEB is estimated using the 1D mode of the GEOtop model for the period of 1 September 2015 to 31 August 2017 at 4727ma.s.l. elevation. The model is evaluated using field-monitored snow depth variations (accumulation and melting), outgoing long-wave radiation and near-surface ground temperatures and showed good agreement with the respective simulated values. For the study period, the SEB characteristics of the study site show that the net radiation (29.7 W m(-2)) was the major component, followed by sensible heat flux (-15.6 W m(-2)), latent heat flux (-11.2 W m(-2)) and ground heat flux (-0.5 W m(-2)). During both years, the latent heat flux was highest in summer and lowest in winter, whereas the sensible heat flux was highest in post-winter and gradually decreased towards the pre-winter season. During the study period, snow cover builds up starting around the last week of December, facilitating ground cooling during almost 3 months (October to December), with sub-zero temperatures down to -20 degrees C providing a favourable environment for permafrost. It is observed that the Ladakh region has a very low relative humidity in the range of 43% compared to e.g. similar to 70% in the European Alps, resulting in lower incoming long-wave radiation and strongly negative net long-wave radiation averaging similar to -90 W m(-2) compared to -40 W m(-2) in the European Alps. Hence, land surfaces at high elevation in cold and arid regions could be overall colder than the locations with higher relative humidity, such as the European Alps. Further, it is found that high incoming short-wave radiation during summer months in the region may be facilitating enhanced cooling of wet valley bottom surfaces as a result of stronger evaporation.
类型	Article
语种	英语
开放获取类型	gold, Green Submitted
收录类别	SCI-E
WOS记录号	WOS:000653645900001
WOS关键词	POLYGONAL TUNDRA SITE ; MASS-BALANCE ; MOUNTAIN PERMAFROST ; NORTHERN SIBERIA ; SEMIARID ANDES ; ARCTIC TUNDRA ; ACTIVE LAYER ; GLACIER ; CLIMATE ; BUDGET
WOS类目	Geography, Physical ; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
WOS研究方向	Physical Geography ; Geology
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/349904
作者单位	[Wani, John Mohd; Ojha, Chandra Shekhar Prasad] Indian Inst Technol IIT, Dept Civil Engn, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India; [Thayyen, Renoj J.] Natl Inst Hydrol, Water Resources Syst Div, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India; [Gruber, Stephan] Carleton Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Ottawa, ON, Canada
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Wani, John Mohd,Thayyen, Renoj J.,Ojha, Chandra Shekhar Prasad,et al. The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India[J],2021,15(5):2273-2293.
APA	Wani, John Mohd,Thayyen, Renoj J.,Ojha, Chandra Shekhar Prasad,&Gruber, Stephan.(2021).The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India.CRYOSPHERE,15(5),2273-2293.
MLA	Wani, John Mohd,et al."The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India".CRYOSPHERE 15.5(2021):2273-2293.