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DOI	10.1016/j.asr.2021.04.008
	On the relation between GPS tropospheric gradients and the local topography
	Morel, Laurent; Moudni, Ouafae; Durand, Frederic; Nicolas, Joelle; Follin, Jean-Michel; Durand, Stephane; Pottiaux, Eric; Van Baelen, Joel; de Oliveira Jr, Paulo Sergio
通讯作者	Morel, L (corresponding author), ESGT CNAM, GeF Lab, GRGS, Le Mans, France.
来源期刊	ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
ISSN	0273-1177
EISSN	1879-1948
出版年	2021
卷号	68 期号:4 页码:1676-1689
英文摘要	The estimation of tropospheric gradients in GNSS data processing is a well-known technique to improve positioning precision. To study the correlation between the tropospheric gradients and the topography, we computed Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) and tropospheric gradients using the GIPSY-OASIS II SOFTWARE from 2 years of GPS observations recorded at 52 worldwide permanent stations, focusing on regions with significant relief. We observe that gradient directions are stable over time and point towards the relief for most of the considered stations. Based on these results, we discuss the physical meaning of the tropospheric horizontal gradients and we investigate why gradients have this particular direction for stations located nearby high mountains. The GPS stations were selected and classified into four main categories: stations close to a mountain range or an isolated mountain (class 1 and 2), stations surrounded by isolated mountains in several directions or in all directions (class 3 and 4). The correlation between the gradient direction and their magnitude with respect to mountain slopes was analysed. A very clear correlation appears for stations of classes 1 and 2 whereas no correlation is obvious for stations of classes 3 and 4. For 89% of stations in classes 1 and 2, a relevant correlation appears, varying between 0.4 and 1. For 64% of stations in classes 1 and 2, a relevant correlation appears, varying between 0.6 and 1. Horizontal gradients estimation show very significant amplitude and a stable direction all along the year, this main direction is most of the time pointing towards the direction of mountains. This behaviour can be explained by a vertical shift of the tropospheric layer due to the presence of mountains, close to the station and up to the maximum distance of 60 km from the station. This orientation does not seem to depend on seasons because no annual or bimonthly means variations appear for all stations. Moreover diurnal variations do not appear on the spatial distribution of the gradients and results are similar for neighbouring stations, separated by few km, which show that local effects such as multipath propagation have influence. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of COSPAR.
英文关键词	GNSS Zenith tropospheric delay Zenith wet delay Tropospheric gradients
类型	Article
语种	英语
收录类别	SCI-E
WOS记录号	WOS:000669227700003
WOS关键词	CENTRAL-EUROPE ; DELAY
WOS类目	Engineering, Aerospace ; Astronomy & Astrophysics ; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
WOS研究方向	Engineering ; Astronomy & Astrophysics ; Geology ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/349280
作者单位	[Morel, Laurent; Moudni, Ouafae; Durand, Frederic; Nicolas, Joelle; Follin, Jean-Michel; Durand, Stephane] ESGT CNAM, GeF Lab, GRGS, Le Mans, France; [Pottiaux, Eric] Royal Observ Belgium, Brussels, Belgium; [Van Baelen, Joel] Univ La Reunion, Lab Atmosphere & Cyclones, CNRS, St Denis, France; [de Oliveira Jr, Paulo Sergio] PPGCC UFPR, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Morel, Laurent,Moudni, Ouafae,Durand, Frederic,et al. On the relation between GPS tropospheric gradients and the local topography[J],2021,68(4):1676-1689.
APA	Morel, Laurent.,Moudni, Ouafae.,Durand, Frederic.,Nicolas, Joelle.,Follin, Jean-Michel.,...&de Oliveira Jr, Paulo Sergio.(2021).On the relation between GPS tropospheric gradients and the local topography.ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH,68(4),1676-1689.
MLA	Morel, Laurent,et al."On the relation between GPS tropospheric gradients and the local topography".ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 68.4(2021):1676-1689.