干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): Geochemical insights into the relationship of rock varnish and adjacent mineral dust fractions

Arid

DOI	10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119775
	Geochemical insights into the relationship of rock varnish and adjacent mineral dust fractions
	Otter, Laura M.; Macholdt, Dorothea S.; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Stoll, Brigitte; Weis, Ulrike; Weber, Bettina; Scholz, Denis; Haug, Gerald H.; Al-Amri, Abdullah M.; Andreae, Meinrat O.
通讯作者	Otter, LM
来源期刊	CHEMICAL GEOLOGY
ISSN	0009-2541
EISSN	1872-6836
出版年	2020
卷号	551
英文摘要	Rock varnishes are pm-thin, dark, manganese(Mn)-rich crusts that accrete in the order of few mu m/ka on weathering-resistant lithologies. Although these crusts can form in all climates, they are best known in arid to semi-arid settings. Aeolian dust is understood as a major contributor to the distinct trace metal and REE enrichments in rock varnish. However, the exact proportions of abiotic and biotic formation mechanisms that may explain the oxidation-reactions of Mn2+ to Mn4+, present as Mn oxyhydroxides in the varnish, are still a matter of ongoing debate. We present here the first systematic study of trace element enrichment processes between the uppermost layer of the varnish sequence and their adjacent < 50 mu m and > 50 mu m dust fractions across a selection of 41 major and trace elements. This approach is used to investigate samples from three fully arid deserts: the An Nafud in Saudi Arabia, the Negev in Israel, and the Mojave in the USA, which are compared to the significantly different environment of the semi-arid Knersvlakte in South Africa. A new in situ trace element analysis protocol was developed to perform femto- and nanosecond sector-field LA-ICP-MS microanalyses at high-spatial resolution, which allows us to measure the most recent varnish layers for their comparison with recent dust. In agreement with previous studies, all varnishes are enriched in Mn, Pb, Ce, Co, Ba, Zn, Ni, and the Rare-Earth Elements (REE). Here we demonstrate that fine ( < 50 mu m) dust is characterized by similar trace element trends as the varnishes, at overall lower mass fractions. Dust > 50 mu m has low trace element mass fractions, and enrichment patterns plotting distinctly away from varnish and fine dust. Based on these geochemical patterns, our results indicate a general enrichment mechanism from fine dust to varnish. Previous studies suggested dust to play an integral role in providing the trace elements that are incorporated into the varnish by pH-Eh fluctuations in short-term rain and fog events. We amalgamate and refine previous growth models by providing direct evidence that leaching of about 10% of the Mn and other trace elements from clay minerals in rain or fog droplets at pH similar to 5 and subsequent scavenging on varnish surfaces at pH similar to 8 leads integrated over time to the distinct enrichment patterns of the varnish, while initial Mn oxyhydroxide formation is suggested to follow pathways of metal oxide mediated photo-catalysis. For the semi-arid occurrence in the Knersvlakte we present a distinct growth model as both environment, varnish, and dust composition differ significantly from the arid settings. Here, thick, metallic-looking varnish occurs mainly on the rim of quartz pebbles, lacks microlamination, and likely has upscaled growth processes. Among other aspects, we suggest a more complex interplay between photo-catalysis, nocturnal condensation events on quartz pebbles with subsequent water trapping at the rock-soil-atmosphere interface, due to a salic top-soil layer, to mainly account for these differences.
英文关键词	Rock varnish Femtosecond LA-ICP-MS Mineral dust Deserts Mn oxyhydroxides Clay
类型	Article
语种	英语
收录类别	SCI-E
WOS记录号	WOS:000566789900001
WOS关键词	LA-ICP-MS ; DESERT VARNISH ; TRACE-ELEMENTS ; NEGEV DESERT ; GEOMORPHIC FEATURES ; WHIPPLE MOUNTAINS ; CLAY-MINERALS ; HEAVY-METALS ; MANGANESE ; DRYLANDS
WOS类目	Geochemistry & Geophysics
WOS研究方向	Geochemistry & Geophysics
来源机构	King Saud University
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/326093
作者单位	[Otter, Laura M.; Macholdt, Dorothea S.; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Stoll, Brigitte; Weis, Ulrike; Haug, Gerald H.] Max Planck Inst Chem, Climate Geochem Dept, Hahn Meitner Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; [Otter, Laura M.; Macholdt, Dorothea S.; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Stoll, Brigitte; Weis, Ulrike; Andreae, Meinrat O.] Max Planck Inst Chem, Biogeochem Dept, POB 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany; [Otter, Laura M.] Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; [Weber, Bettina] Max Planck Inst Chem, Multiphase Chem Dept, Hahn Meitner Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; [Weber, Bettina] Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Plant Sci, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria; [Scholz, Denis] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Geosci, JJ Becher Weg 21, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; [Al-Amri, Abdullah M.; Andreae, Meinrat O.] King Saud Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Otter, Laura M.,Macholdt, Dorothea S.,Jochum, Klaus Peter,et al. Geochemical insights into the relationship of rock varnish and adjacent mineral dust fractions[J]. King Saud University,2020,551.
APA	Otter, Laura M..,Macholdt, Dorothea S..,Jochum, Klaus Peter.,Stoll, Brigitte.,Weis, Ulrike.,...&Andreae, Meinrat O..(2020).Geochemical insights into the relationship of rock varnish and adjacent mineral dust fractions.CHEMICAL GEOLOGY,551.
MLA	Otter, Laura M.,et al."Geochemical insights into the relationship of rock varnish and adjacent mineral dust fractions".CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 551(2020).