干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration

Arid

DOI	10.3390/ani10081411
	Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration
	Orth, Emma K.; Navas Gonzalez, Francisco J.; Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos; Berger, Jeannine M.; le Jeune, Sarah S.; Davis, Eric W.; McLean, Amy K.
通讯作者	Gonzalez, FJN
来源期刊	ANIMALS
ISSN	2076-2615
出版年	2020
卷号	10 期号:8
英文摘要	Simple Summary Donkeys originally evolved as a desert animal, and unlike the horse (which flees or runs away from danger), the donkey fights to avert danger. Hence, donkeys are more stoic and tend to express fear, pain, and discomfort in more subtle ways than horses. For owners and practitioners, it can prove to be challenging to identify donkeys in a state of pain or discomfort until the animal has reached an advanced degree of disease, at which point veterinary intervention may be too late. This study aims to identify signs of pain from both facial and body parameters in donkeys undergoing a surgical procedure. Scores were based on noted signs of discomfort/pain from the observed body language of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, nostrils, and muzzle, along with their overall body appearance. The study demonstrated that developing a scoring system donkey grimace scale proved to be accurate in identifying discomfort related to pain. However, the accuracy of the scale can be influenced by the observers' gender, level of donkey knowledge, and experience. The objectives of this study were to establish a donkey ethogram, followed by a donkey grimace scale to be applied to donkeys pre- and post-castration and to test if there was a notable difference in scores based on observer knowledge, gender, and experience, which could reveal possible discomfort/pain. Nine healthy male adult donkeys were surgically castrated. Fifty-four photos were selected from frontal, lateral, and body views taken pre- and post-castration. Observers ranging from minimal to extensive knowledge and levels of experience based on education and hours/month spent with donkeys scored six photos/donkey on a scale of 0-2 (0 = not present, 1 = moderately present, 2 = obviously present). Scores were based on body language and facial parameters: Ears down, ears back, eye white showing, glazed look, orbital tightening, eyes round shape, nostril tension, eyes narrow shape, muzzle tension, and abnormal stance and overall perception of the animal being in pain. Level of experience and knowledge, as well as gender significantly (p< 0.001), affected observers' ability to accurately score images. The study suggests that the most significant indicators of pain in donkeys are overall appearance and abnormal body stance provided their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of 63.18%, 62.07%, and 62.60%, respectively.
英文关键词	donkey Equus asinus facial expression pain grimace scale
类型	Article
语种	英语
开放获取类型	DOAJ Gold, Green Published
收录类别	SCI-E
WOS记录号	WOS:000564916400001
WOS关键词	RIDDEN HORSES ; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ; VETERINARIANS ; ANALGESIA ; ATTITUDES ; ETHOGRAM
WOS类目	Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science ; Veterinary Sciences
WOS研究方向	Agriculture ; Veterinary Sciences
来源机构	University of California, Davis
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/325959
作者单位	[Orth, Emma K.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Biol, Davis, CA 95617 USA; [Navas Gonzalez, Francisco J.; Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos] Univ Cordoba, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Genet, Cordoba 14071, Spain; [Navas Gonzalez, Francisco J.; Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos; McLean, Amy K.] Univ Cordoba, Worldwide Donkey Breeds Project, Cordoba 14071, Spain; [Berger, Jeannine M.] Soc Prevent Cruelty Anim, San Francisco SPCA, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA; [le Jeune, Sarah S.] Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Surg & Radiol Sci, Davis, CA 95617 USA; [Davis, Eric W.] Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Int Anim Welf Training Inst, Davis, CA 95617 USA; [McLean, Amy K.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95617 USA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Orth, Emma K.,Navas Gonzalez, Francisco J.,Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos,et al. Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration[J]. University of California, Davis,2020,10(8).
APA	Orth, Emma K..,Navas Gonzalez, Francisco J..,Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos.,Berger, Jeannine M..,le Jeune, Sarah S..,...&McLean, Amy K..(2020).Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration.ANIMALS,10(8).
MLA	Orth, Emma K.,et al."Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration".ANIMALS 10.8(2020).