干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California

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DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0235421
	Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California
	Andreae, Meinrat O.; Al-Amri, Abdullah; Andreae, Tracey W.; Garfinkel, Alan; Haug, Gerald; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Stoll, Brigitte; Weis, Ulrike
通讯作者	Andreae, MO
来源期刊	PLOS ONE
ISSN	1932-6203
出版年	2020
卷号	15 期号:8
英文摘要	We investigated rock varnish, a thin, manganese- and iron-rich, dark surface crust, on basaltic lava flows and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys (California) by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and femtosecond laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (fs-LA-ICPMS). The major element composition of the varnish was consistent with a mixture of Mn-Fe oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. As expected, it contained elevated concentrations of elements that are typically enriched in rock varnish, e.g., Mn, Pb, Ba, Ce, and Co, but also showed unusually high enrichments in U, Cu, and Th. The rare earth and yttrium (REY) enrichment pattern revealed a very strong positive cerium (Ce) anomaly and distinct negative europium (Eu) and Y anomalies. The light rare earth elements (REE) were much more strongly enriched than the heavy REY. These enrichment patterns are consistent with a formation mechanism by leaching of Mn and trace elements from aeolian dust, reprecipitation of Mn and Fe as oxyhydroxides, and scavenging of trace elements by these oxyhydroxides. We inferred accumulation rates of Mn and Fe in the varnish from their areal densities measured by pXRF and the known ages of some of the lava flow surfaces. The areal densities of Mn and Fe, as well as their accumulation rates, were comparable to our previous results from the desert of Saudi Arabia. There was a moderate dependence of the Mn areal density on the inclination of the rock surfaces, but no relationship to its cardinal orientation. We attempted to use the degree of varnish regrowth on the rock art surfaces as an estimate of their age. While an absolute dating of the petroglyphs was not possible because of the lack of suitable calibration surfaces and a considerable amount of variability, the measured degree of varnish regrowth on the various petroglyphs was consistent with chronologies based on archeological and other archaeometric techniques. In particular, our results suggest that rock art creation in the study area continued over an extended period of time, possibly starting around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and extending into the last few centuries.
类型	Article
语种	英语
开放获取类型	gold, Green Published
收录类别	SSCI
WOS记录号	WOS:000560393300038
WOS关键词	DESERT VARNISH ; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE ; MOJAVE DESERT ; SAUDI-ARABIA ; INYO-COUNTY ; ART ; ASCENDANCE ; BASALT ; DUST ; SHUWAYMIS
WOS类目	Multidisciplinary Sciences
WOS研究方向	Science & Technology - Other Topics
来源机构	King Saud University
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/325666
作者单位	[Andreae, Meinrat O.; Andreae, Tracey W.; Haug, Gerald; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Stoll, Brigitte; Weis, Ulrike] Max Planck Inst Chem, Mainz, Germany; [Andreae, Meinrat O.; Al-Amri, Abdullah] King Saud Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; [Andreae, Meinrat O.] UCSD, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; [Garfinkel, Alan] Calif Rock Art Fdn, Bakersfield, CA USA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Andreae, Meinrat O.,Al-Amri, Abdullah,Andreae, Tracey W.,et al. Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California[J]. King Saud University,2020,15(8).
APA	Andreae, Meinrat O..,Al-Amri, Abdullah.,Andreae, Tracey W..,Garfinkel, Alan.,Haug, Gerald.,...&Weis, Ulrike.(2020).Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California.PLOS ONE,15(8).
MLA	Andreae, Meinrat O.,et al."Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California".PLOS ONE 15.8(2020).