干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): The Performance of Different Mapping Functions and Gradient Models in the Determination of Slant Tropospheric Delay

Arid

DOI	10.3390/rs12010130
	The Performance of Different Mapping Functions and Gradient Models in the Determination of Slant Tropospheric Delay
	Qiu, Cong 1,2; Wang, Xiaoming 1; Li, Zishen 1; Zhang, Shaotian 1,2; Li, Haobo 3; Zhang, Jinglei 4; Yuan, Hong 1
通讯作者	Wang, Xiaoming
来源期刊	REMOTE SENSING
EISSN	2072-4292
出版年	2020
卷号	12 期号:1
英文摘要	Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have become an important tool for remotely sensing water vapor in the atmosphere. In GNSS data processing, mapping functions and gradient models are needed to map the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) to the slant total tropospheric delay (STD) along a signal path. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the spatial-temporal performance of various mapping functions and gradient models in the determination of STD. In this study, the STDs at nine elevations were first calculated by applying the ray-tracing method to the atmospheric European Reanalysis-Interim (ERA-Interim) dataset. These STDs were then used as the reference to study the accuracy of the STDs that determined the ZTD together with mapping functions and gradient models. The performance of three mapping functions (i.e., Niell mapping function (NMF), global mapping function (GMF), and Vienna mapping function (VMF1)) and three gradient models (i.e., Chen, MacMillan, and Meindl) in six regions (the temperate zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Equator, Sahara Desert, Amazon Rainforest, and North Pole) in determining slant tropospheric delay was investigated in this study. The results indicate that the three mapping functions have relatively similar performance above a 15 degrees elevation, but below a 15 degrees elevation, VMF1 clearly performed better than the GMF and NMF. The results also show that, if no gradient model is included, the root-mean-square (RMS) of the STD is smaller than 2 mm above the 30 degrees elevation and smaller than 9 mm above the 15 degrees elevation but shows a significant increase below the 15 degrees elevation. For example, in the temperate zone, the RMS increases from approximately 35 mm at the 10 degrees elevation to approximately 160 mm at the 3 degrees elevation. The inclusion of gradient models can significantly improve the accuracy of STDs by 50%. All three gradient models performed similarly at all elevations and in all regions. The bending effect was also investigated, and the results indicate that the tropospheric delay caused by the bending effect is normally below 13 mm above a 15 degrees elevation, but this delay increases dramatically from approximately 40 mm at a 10 degrees elevation to approximately 200 mm at a 5 degrees elevation, and even reaches 500-700 mm at a 3 degrees elevation in most studied regions.
英文关键词	tropospheric delay mapping function gradient models bending effect
类型	Article
语种	英语
国家	Peoples R China
开放获取类型	gold
收录类别	SCI-E
WOS记录号	WOS:000515391700130
WOS关键词	ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR ; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION ; RADIO INTERFEROMETRY ; REFRACTIVE-INDEX ; MULTI-GNSS ; WET DELAY ; GPS ; TOMOGRAPHY ; RETRIEVAL ; TEMPERATURE
WOS类目	Environmental Sciences ; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary ; Remote Sensing ; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology
WOS研究方向	Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Geology ; Remote Sensing ; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/315404
作者单位	1.Chinese Acad Sci, Aerosp Informat Res Inst, 9 Dengzhuang South Rd, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China; 2.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Elect Elect & Commun Engn, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China; 3.China Univ Min & Technol Xuzhou, Sch Environm Sci & Spatial Informat, 1 Daxue Rd, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, Peoples R China; 4.China Univ Geosci Beijing, Sch Land Sci & Technol, 29 Xue Yuan Rd, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Qiu, Cong,Wang, Xiaoming,Li, Zishen,et al. The Performance of Different Mapping Functions and Gradient Models in the Determination of Slant Tropospheric Delay[J],2020,12(1).
APA	Qiu, Cong.,Wang, Xiaoming.,Li, Zishen.,Zhang, Shaotian.,Li, Haobo.,...&Yuan, Hong.(2020).The Performance of Different Mapping Functions and Gradient Models in the Determination of Slant Tropospheric Delay.REMOTE SENSING,12(1).
MLA	Qiu, Cong,et al."The Performance of Different Mapping Functions and Gradient Models in the Determination of Slant Tropospheric Delay".REMOTE SENSING 12.1(2020).