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The paper discusses the results of experimental studies of chemical, microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosol in different natural and climatic conditions of Mongolia. The main factor in the formation of the component composition of aerosols are anthropogenic emissions, whose proportion in the urban atmosphere (Ulan-Bator, Sukhbaatar) is significantly higher than at stations in arid regions where regional sources of emissions are associated with mining enterprises, road transport and terrigenous dust. The data of long-term observations AERONET at the station Dalanzadgad were used for analyze of the seasonal, annual variations of AOD in the Gobi Desert. It is established that high transparency of the atmosphere is observed (tau(0.5)= 0.09) with a maximum in spring and summer (tau(0.5)= 0.15) and a minimum in winter (tau(0.5)= 0.04).