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The severe rodent damage in Gurbantunggut desert forest may result in eco-environment destruction and desertification acceleration. However, little is known concerning the level of rodent hazard, spatial distribution and regularity of outbreak. This paper approached to use high-resolution imagery (TDOM and DEM) provided by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for rodent pests monitoring in desert forest. The distribution of rat-holes was extracted from TDOM images, then rat-hole density were calculated for evaluating the rodent hazard degree in the study area. Lastly, topographic factors of slope gradient, slope aspect, elevation were calculated using DEM. Spatial and statistical analysis methods were used for it. The results demonstrated that Rhombimys opimus mainly distributed in the elevation of 432.5 similar to 437.5m, low slope areas of 0 similar to 15 degrees, low RDLS of 0 similar to 0.25m, and shady slope of fixed and semi-fixed sand with well-growth plants by "island" mousehole groups. This paper validated the availability of UAV technique for dynamic monitoring rodent pests in desert forest, and laid a critical foundation for further study.