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Experimental watershed studies can provide answers to new challenges facing land managers and society including the impacts of fires and climate change on upstream and regional hydrology. The Cascabel Watersheds long-term prescribed fire study provides a unique opportunity to monitor climate change because of its location in an oak savanna situated between deserts or grasslands and the higher elevation oak-pine woodlands of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Continuing studies on the Cascabel Watersheds in southwestern New Mexico are evaluating the effects of cool-season prescribed fires (November-April), warm-season prescribed fires (May-October) and a wildfire on a range of physical and biological characteristics. The study is being conducted on 12 gauged watersheds ranging in size from 8 to 24 ha. Ecosystem data are collected at permanent locations. The large foundation of physical and biological records from the Cascabel Watersheds provides a basis for evaluating potential future climate change in the region.