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Free-space optics (FSO) holds the potential for high bandwidth communication, but atmospheric conditions can significantly affect the capability of a communication system to transfer information successfully. The effects of atmosphere on FSO communication and consequent optimal wavelength range for transmission are investigated through MODTRAN-based modeling of 1.55 mu m transmission for multiple elevation angles in atmospheric conditions including clear maritime, desert extinction, and various levels of rain and fog. Beam transmission was also simulated for different relevant elevations for surface-to-surface and surface-to-air free-space optical communication networks. The atmospheric, free-space, and scintillation losses are investigated for optical path lengths of 2 km to determine transmit power required for successful data reception. In addition, FSO transmitter and receiver circuits were designed to optically relay an analog video signal and tested at path distances of up to 130 m. Using advanced tunable laser sources to provide illumination across wavelength ranges, particularly around the eye-safe 1.55 mu m wavelength, it should be possible to overcome transmission limitations associated with adverse weather and atmospheric conditions.