Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 典型沙漠化逆转区的社会-生态系统恢复力研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Social-Ecological System Resilience Evaluation of Typical Desertification Ecological Restoration Area |
| 侯彩霞 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 周立华 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 随着人类活动对地球影响的不断深入，一个全新的地质年代——人类世（Anthropocene）已经来临，人类世一词最早由1995年荷兰大气化学家、诺贝尔奖获得者Crutzen提出，作为地质学时代中最新的一个分期概念。他认为全人类的足迹将遍布整个地球，使地球进入人类和自然联系更加紧密的新时代。人类世最主要的特点是人类活动与自然环境之间彼此融合、相互影响、共同进化。因此，在科学研究中必须把社会（人）与生态（自然）子系统通过相互反馈联系在一起。Ostrom 2009年在Science上发表论文提出了社会-生态系统理论，为当前人类世和社会-生态系统的研究提供了研究思路。沙漠化逆转区是一个包含生态和社会经济因子的复杂适应性系统，需要从社会-生态系统综合的视角对其进行研究。本论文选取沙漠化逆转的典型区域宁夏回族自治区盐池县作为研究区域，通过遥感和GIS技术、野外调查和查阅统计年鉴等方式获取基础研究数据，综合分析了生态政策实施过程中沙漠化逆转区社会-生态系统所受干扰的空间分布、强度和连通度；评价了农户对生态政策实施的适应性感知、适应策略和影响适应策略选择的因素；综合生态、社会经济和政策子系统，评价了生态政策的影响下沙漠化逆转区社会-生态系统的恢复力情况，并通过调整生态补偿标准分析了未来沙漠化逆转区恢复力变化趋势。得出以下主要结论：（1）不同时间段内社会-生态系统的干扰值空间分布差异较大，2000-2004年强干扰面积约450 km2，主要集中于盐池县南部。2004-2008年盐池县社会-生态系统受干扰面积进一步扩大，面积约为680 km2，强干扰集中在在北部和中部。2008-2012年受干扰面积减少，约为435 km2，强干扰分别位于东、中、西三个小区域，并没有集中于一个区域。2012-2015年强干扰面积为780 km2，且主要集中于县域的北部、中西部和西北部。（2）不同时间尺度上社会-生态系统干扰强度和连通度存在很大差异，2000-2004年生态政策实施初期，社会-生态系统干扰强度和连通度最大。2004-2008、2008-2012和2012-2015年期间，随着禁牧政策继续实施，盐池县生态环境变化逐渐减小，趋于一个稳定的状态，干扰强度和连通度较小。（3）禁牧政策实施以来，对生态环境保护发挥了重要作用，取得了明显的生态效益，盐池县生态系统恢复明显，由于农户生计方式和收入水平的差异，导致不同类型农户对禁牧政策的适应性感知差异较大。从农户生计方式看，纯农户、兼业户和非农户对禁牧政策的影响效应、适应成本感知依次递减，对自我效能感知依次递增。从收入水平看，高收入农户对禁牧政策的环境效应、自我效能和适应预测感知最为明显，低收入农户对适应成本感知指数最高。（4）由于适应性感知、生计方式和收入水平的差异，不同类型农户采取不同适应策略应对禁牧政策实施造成的影响。纯农户适应策略选择以收缩型为主，兼业户和非农户以调节型为主，低收入和中等收入农户以收缩型为主，高收入农户以调节型为主；纯农户、兼业户和非农户适应策略多样性指数依次递减，低收入、中等收入和高收入农户适应策略多样性指数依次递增。（5）农户对禁牧政策的适应成本高低的认知和对自己适应能力大小的认知以及农户拥有的劳动力数量和质量、贷款几率对农户适应性策略类型选择起主要作用；对禁牧政策的环境效能、影响效应、适应成本、自我效能的感知和农户拥有的人力资本、金融资本以及农户属性是影响农户适应策略多样性的关键因素。（6）国家在草原地区实施的生态政策对草原社会-生态系统恢复具有明显的效果，草原社会-生态系统由不稳定逐渐趋于稳定，恢复力逐渐增强，对自然环境的冲击有较强的缓冲能力。不论在何种生态补偿标准下，盐池县草原社会-生态系统都具有较强恢复力。综合生态系统和社会系统各方面因素分析表明，在当前生态补偿标准下，研究区草原未来10年社会-生态系统恢复力将更强。关键词：沙漠化逆转区；社会-生态系统；恢复力；适应性；盐池县 |
| 英文摘要 | With the rapid expansion of the world’s population and the constant escalation of human activities, the Earth has entered a new geological era—Anthropocene. The term “Anthropocene” was first adopted by Paul J Crutzen in 1995 who was Dutch atmospheric chemist and Nobel Prize winner. Crutzen proposed the latest concept of staging in the age of geology. He believes that the impact of human activities on the Earth is enough to bring the earth into a new geological era. The most important feature of anthropocene is human interaction, interdependence, and coevolution with nature. Therefore, in the scientific research, it is necessary to link the social (human) and ecological (natural) subsystems through mutual feedback. In 2009, Elinor Ostrom published a paper on Science that proposed a social-ecosystem theoretical analysis framework that provides a good research unit for current research on anthropocene and social-ecosystem.The desertification ecological restoration area is a complex adaptive system that contains ecological and socio-economic factors. Therefore, it needs to be comprehensively evaluated from the socio-ecological perspective. First, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of the study region was applied to investigate the spatial distribution of the existing social-ecological system disturbance during 2000-2015. In addition, moving window computational algorithms were used to calculate social-ecological system disturbance intensity and connectivity at different spatial scales. Second, we evaluated the adaptability perceptions and adaptation strategies of farmers based on the differences in the farmers’ livelihoods and income levels, and discussed the main factors that influenced the adaptation strategies of farmers in Yanchi County. Finally, by integrating various factors of the ecosystem and socio-economic system, we further analyzed the resilience of the socio-ecosystem in the desertification ecological restoration area under the influence of the ecological policy and the future trend of resilience in the region. The main conclusions are obtained.(1) The disturbance had different spatial distributions over different periods. During 2000-2004, the area of strong disturbances was about 450km2, mainly distributed in southern Yanchi County. Strong disturbances were distributed in the northern and central areas during 2004-2008, and the disturbed area was further expanded, approximately 680km2. Furthermore, strong disturbances approximately 435km2 were detected in three small areas: southeastern, central, and western Yanchi County during 2008-2012. Moreover, the proportion of strong disturbances in the North showed an increasing trend. Strong disturbances approximately 780km2 were mainly distributed in the north, mid-west, and northwest of the county during 2012-2015.(2)There was a significant difference of disturbance intensity and connectivity of social-ecological systems at multi-scale levels. The social-ecological system disturbance intensity and connectivity were the largest during the beginning of the implementation of the ecological polices of 2000-2004. The reversal effect of desertification is obvious. During 2004-2008, 2008-2012 and 2012-2015, with the implementation of the ecological polices, the changes in the ecological environment in Yanchi County had gradually decreased, tending to a stable state with less disturbance intensity and connectivity.(3)The implementation of the ecological policy has played an important role in ecological environments protection and has achieved remarkable ecological benefits. And it has a great impact on the local social and economic system. Due to the difference in livelihoods and income levels of famers, the adaptability perceptions of different types of famers on ecological policies are very different. In regard to farmers’ livelihoods, the impact effect and adaptation cost prediction indexes decreased sequentially from pure farmers to semi-farmers to non-farmers, and the prediction index of self-efficacy increased in the same sequence. From the perspective of income level, high-income farmers have the most obvious perception of the environmental effects, self-efficacy, and adaptation predictions of the policy. Low-income farmers have the highest perception index of adaptation costs.(4)Farmers of different types had different adaptation perceptions, and their choices of adaptation strategies also varied. Pure farmers mainly selected contraction strategies; however, semi-farmers and non-farmers mainly chose adjustment strategies. Low-income farmers to middle-income farmers mainly selected contraction strategies; however, high-income farmers mainly chose adjustment strategies. The diversification index of farmers' adaptation strategies decreased sequentially from pure farmers to semi-farmers to non-farmers, and the diversification index increased sequentially from low-income farmers to middle-income farmers to high-income farmers.(5)The main factors influencing the farmers' adaptation strategies included adaptation costs, self-efficacy, adaptation effects, human capital, and financial capital. The key factors influencing the diversification index of farmers' adaptation strategies included environmental efficiency, impact effects, adaptation costs, self-efficacy perception, human capital, financial capital and farmer attributes.(6)The ecological policies implemented by the state in grasslands areas had obvious effects on grasslands social-ecological systems resilience. Grasslands social-ecological systems gradually stabilized from instability, resilience gradually increased. It is the improvement of national ecological compensation standards, the improvement of social security system in rural areas, the improvement of farmers' awareness of ecological environment and the change of livelihood mode which made grasslands social-ecological system stable. Yanchi County grassland social-ecosystem has strong resilience. Through the comprehensive factors of ecosystem and social system, finding that under the current ecological compensation standard, the social-ecological system resilience would be stronger in the next 10 years. Key Words: Desertification Ecological Restoration Area; Social-Ecological System; Resilience; Adaptability; Yanchi County |
| 中文关键词 | 沙漠化逆转区 ; 社会-生态系统 ; 恢复力 ; 适应性 ; 盐池县 |
| 英文关键词 | Desertification Ecological Restoration Area Social-Ecological System Resilience Adaptability Yanchi County |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 人文地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288128 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 侯彩霞. 典型沙漠化逆转区的社会-生态系统恢复力研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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