Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 黄土丘陵区整地与植被恢复耦合作用的生态水文效应 | |
| 其他题名 | The coupling effects of land preparations and vegetation restoration on the ecohydrological processes in loess hilly region |
| 冯天骄 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 在干旱半干旱的黄土高原地区，土壤质量和水文循环对生态系统恢复至关重要。作为旱区生态修复的主要手段，整地方式和植被恢复带来的土壤生态水文效应直接关系区域生态恢复的可持续性。本研究选择甘肃省定西市龙滩流域为典型研究区，针对不同植被和整地方式（柠条水平阶、侧柏鱼鳞坑、山杏水平沟、侧柏反坡台、油松鱼鳞坑，油松反坡台）对土壤生态水文的影响，通过野外监测与室内分析，比较分析了整地措施和植被恢复类型对土壤理化性质、土壤水分动态、减流减沙、生态水文等的影响。取得了以下重要进展和结果：（1）植被类型与整地方式对土壤养分的影响：整地方式下养分含量依次为水平沟、水平阶>鱼鳞坑>反坡台；植被类型养分对比结果：柠条>油松>山杏>侧柏。通过对比分析黄土高原小流域不同整地方式和植被类型下的土壤养分特征，研究发现：土壤养分含量随土层的增加而减少，一般0-1m养分平均含量只有表层含量的43.1%-86.8%；整地和植被恢复对土壤养分的影响存在差异：整地方式以水平沟与水平阶条件下的养分含量较高，植被类型则以柠条和油松的土壤养分含量较高。同时发现不同整地方式下土壤速效养分差异较大，而不同植被类型间的土壤全量养分差异较为明显。（2）整地的土壤水力学性质相比对照有较明显提高。本研究发现整地使土壤水分平均提高1.88%（cm3·cm-3），相比自然坡面高出了22.62%。反坡台和鱼鳞坑的土壤水分含量分别提高了29.69%和15.55%。鱼鳞坑和反坡台作为两种典型的整地方式，饱和含水量相比对照小区分别提高了7.52%和4.24%，此外土壤有效水各提高4.74%和11.40%，说明整地措施可以有效提高土壤持水、供水能力，改善土壤水力学性质。此外，结果显示整地对表层土壤水力学性质的影响更大，与自然坡面对照相比，鱼鳞坑和反坡台0-20cm表层的土壤有效水含量分别提高了38.75%和23.84%，而深层（60-80cm）土壤有效水含量与对照只相差3.34%和3.85%。整地措施重塑了地表下垫面，改变了坡地微地形，有利于干旱地区收集雨水、防治土壤侵蚀、促进植被生长。（3）本研究发现不同整地方式之间水分含量由高到低依次是：水平沟>鱼鳞坑>反坡台。季节性变化对比，鱼鳞坑在生长季中期雨水较多时的水分含量相对较高，而反坡台在生长季初期与中后期的土壤含水量有更好的保持作用。不同植被类型的水分含量之间比较结果：山杏水平沟>侧柏鱼鳞坑>侧柏反坡台>柠条水平阶>油松反坡台>油松鱼鳞坑，在传统植被恢复类型比较中，油松的耗水量较大。最后，整地方式对土壤含水量的影响在表层有较显著差异，而植被对水分影响在深层土壤含水量存在明显的差异。（4）综合对比整地和植被对各项土壤水碳储量的影响，发现主要影响土壤水碳储量的是植被和整地的共同作用。基于研究区的土壤理化性质和土壤水碳储量比较，发现0-1m内土壤储水量最高的山杏水平沟小区（124.68 mm），而油松反坡台的土壤储水量最少（88.30 mm）；油松鱼鳞坑有着最高的土壤碳储量(9803.71 g/m2),而山杏水平沟的土壤碳储量最低（8162.74 g/m2）；土壤养分储量的综合比较中，柠条水平阶和油松鱼鳞坑有较高的土壤养分储量，而山杏水平沟的养分储量较低。此外，土壤储水量在表层0-10 cm主要受降雨影响（解释度58.8%），而在根际层（10-60 cm）主要受整地和植被共同影响，而深层则主要受植被影响（68.8%和75.5%）。最后，土壤碳储量受整地方式的主导影响（解释度30.5%），而植被相对更影响土壤养分储量（SNS 36.5%,，SPS 31.1%，SKS 77.1%）。（5）雨强、坡位与植被属性对产流产沙过程有重要影响。基于模拟降雨下不同灌草配置格局对产流产沙的响应，研究发现灌-乔-草的坡面配置模式有较好的减流减沙效应，其产流产沙速率分别为5.51 l·m-2·h-1和21.77 g·m-2·h-1，相比之下，乔-草-灌和乔-灌-草（乔木在上坡位）的坡面配置模式产流产沙可多达到18.34 l·m-2·h-1和197.98 g·m-2·h-1，所以配置格局最好的灌乔草相比乔草灌减流效益达到69.96%，减沙效益达到89.01%。通过RDA和相关分析表明，不同坡位的植被分布格局有着非常明显的差别，植被集中分配在中下段位置更有利于减流减沙效益，所以在实际坡面水土保持工作中，相同生物量或植被数量的工程作业应合理分配植被配置，达到最优的减流减沙效果。 |
| 英文摘要 | In the arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Loess Plateau of China, soil quality and hydrological cycle are of vital importance for the ecological restoration. As an important practice of ecological restoration, it is very significant to study the impact of terracing on hydrological dynamics and its role in ecological restoration. Based on field monitoring and indoor analysis, this study analyzed the influence of terracing on soil moisture variation, soil physical and chemical properties, efficiency of soil and water conservation. We have also analyzed the water budget in terraces under different vegetation types. The main results include:(1) Rational land preparation and vegetation restoration could improve the soil quality, thus make improvement of vegetation habitat and growth conditions.After comparing and analyzing soil nutrient characteristics under different land preparations and vegetation types, soil nutrient contents decrease as soil layer goes deeper, which shows obvious properties of surface-aggregation. And generally, average nutrient contents of 0-1 soil layer only occupy 43.1%-86.8% of surface.There remains various effects of long-term land preparation and vegetation restoration on soil nutrients. Soil nutrient contents are higher where implementing level trench and level bench or planting Caragana microphylla and Pinus tabuliformis. Moreover, available soil nutrients have more significant difference in different land preparations while total soil nutrientshave more significant difference in different vegetation types.(2) Land preparation rebuilds underlying surface of shallow ground and changes part microtopography of slope, which could make for the collection of rainfall, control of erosion and plant growth. The soil hydraulic properties after long-term land preparation have significant improvement. Our results show soil moisture increases 1.883%（cm3·cm-3）after land preparation averagely, 22.62% higher than natural slopes. Soil moisture contents enhance29.69%and 15.55%in reversed terraces and fish-scale pits, respectively. Compared to contrast, saturation moisture content in fish-scale pits and reversed terraces,as two typical land preparation methods, increases 7.52%and 4.24%, and soil available water increases 4.74%and 11.40%, respectively. These suggest land preparation could improve ability of soil moisture retention and supply, and reform soil hydraulic properties.Besides, in our results, land preparations show more influence to the hydraulic properties of surface soil. Soil avail moistures increase 38.75% and 23.84% in 0-20cm soil of fish-scale pits and reversed terraces, while only show 3.34%and 3.85% difference in 60-80cm soil by comparing with natural slopes.(3) Land preparations and vegetation are two key methods to improve soil moisture, and the effects of them on soil moisture is therefore essential to develop good management strategies. Our results showed that the soil moisture was highest for the fish-scale pits and decreased under the level benches, level ditches and zig terraces; the rainwater harvesting capacity of the fish-scale pits was greater than that of the zig terraces. Under extremely dry conditions, however, the latter technique showed a higher water-retention capacity due to less soil evaporation loss; compared with other vegetation types, Pinus tabulaeformishad the highest water consumption, and the mean soil moisture under a Pinus tabulaeformis field was 27% lower than that of a Platycladusorientalisfield; and soil moisture in the shallower and deeper soil layers was more affected by changes in vegetation types land preparations, respectively.(4) Soil moisture storage (SMS), soil carbon and nutrient stocks (SCS, SNS, SPS and SKS) differ under different combined patterns. Leveled ditches-M.sativahad the most SMS (124.68 mm) while zig terraces-P. tabulaeformis had the least one (88.30 mm). Fish-scale pits-P. tabulaeformis had the most SCS (9803.71 g/m2) and leveled ditches-M. sativa had the least one (8162.74 g/m2). For soil nutrient stocks, leveled benches-C. microphyllaand fish-scale pits-P. tabulaeformishad the higher ones while leveled ditches-M. sativa had the lower ones than other combinations. Moreover, as indicated partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) and variation partitioning (VP) analysis, SMS of 0-10 cm, 10-60 cm and 60-100 cm were more affected by precipitation (58.8%), the shared effects of vegetation and land preparation (61.3%), and vegetation (72.2%), respectively. At last, the interactions between land preparations and vegetation is the key factor to soil ecosystems.(5) Based on rainfall simulation experiments, the results showed that the responses of soil erosion to rainfall intensities differed under different vegetation patterns. Moreover, if total biomass was held constant across the slope, planting arbor at the summit position had the highest runoff (18.34 l·m-2·h-1) and soil losses (197.98 g·m-2·h-1). As indicated by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Pearson correlation results, a greater volume of vegetation located on the back- and footslopes acted as effective buffers to prevent runoff generation and sediment yield.In conclusion, terracing and vagetationhadpositive effects to improve the ecological environment and hydrological properties and are excellent soil and water management measures. The results of this study can provide some theoretical references for reasonable slope reconstruction, vegetation restoration and management measures, and provide technical support for engineering measures in the design and application of watershed management and vegetation restoration. |
| 中文关键词 | 黄土高原 ; 整地方式 ; 植被恢复 ; 土壤生态系统 ; 水文循环 |
| 英文关键词 | Loess Plateau land preparation vegetation restoration soil ecosystem water balance |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288117 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 冯天骄. 黄土丘陵区整地与植被恢复耦合作用的生态水文效应[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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