Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 中国北方干旱—半干旱地区中全新世旱作农业的演化 | |
| 其他题名 | Evolution of rain fed Agriculture in the arid and semi-arid transition zone, Northern China during middle Holocene |
| 包易格 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 周新郢 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 本文采集鉴定了中国北方干旱—半干旱带仰韶-先秦时期的15个遗址的种子及果实遗存，通过对种子的鉴定，数量百分比，粟、黍数量比值、和形态学测量研究，结合AMS14C年代学数据，重建了百年尺度的中国北方干旱—半干旱地区的中全新世农业演化过程，并探讨了该区域4696-1011 BC粟、黍的环境适应性及产量变化。最后结合已有的发掘信息、环境演化信息以及人骨同位素数据，分析了区域作物演化，农业结构变化对区域社会演化发展的作用。本文研究发现，在5000-500 BC期间，中国北方干旱—半干旱地区并未有大规模水稻、麦类的出现，旱作农业的典型作物黍、粟在这几千年间一直占据主体地位，这与中国北方干旱—半干旱区已发表的人骨同位素结果相吻合，显示了该地C4类的粟、黍作物一直占据了当时人群的主要食谱区位。这说明区域环境和气候条件对早期农业体系的发展具有显著的限制作用。通过对出土的粟、黍的数量进行对比分析，粟的种植倾向在新华、寨峁和石峁这三个地点达到高值。将地点根据东亚夏季风走向进行南北分区，并结合粟/黍值进行年代上的排列时，我们可以发现，在5000-500 BC期间，北部干旱草原地区黍一直占据主体地位，而南部灌丛草原区的粟比例随时间变化显示出趋势性的增长过程。同时，大豆/野大豆遗存和桃、杏的果核、坚果果壳遗存在这些遗址中的广泛出现，显示了除粟、黍以外的作物及果树的栽培在此时期已经较为普遍，也证实了先民的园艺发展及在食物选择的多样性。此外，藜科，松属的种子的发现则可能显示了先民对自然植物资源的采集与利用。遗址中出土的粟、黍炭化种子的形态（长、宽）的测量分析表明，在3000-2000 BC期间，炭化黍的形态具有显著的增大趋势，完成了种粒由小到大的驯化过程。这个趋势指示了这个期间的早期农业的栽培黍以个体粒度大小的增加提高了作物的产量，依据炭化黍种子形态变化判断龙山晚期农作物单位面积产量可能是前段的两倍甚至以上。而粟的形态大小没有显著变化，推测粟的产量提升可能是在于每植株上的颗粒数的增加。从粟比例的增加可以看到这种趋势性的增长。 粟、黍农业种植生产力的提高为在该地区人口大量增长，及旱作农业在北方草原地区的传播，乃至继续向欧亚大陆的传播并扩散提供了基础，最终使这两种作物在2000 BC左右分布至世界范围内并被种植和食用。 |
| 英文摘要 | In this paper, we collected and identified the seeds and fruit remains of 15 sites from Yangshao period to Pre-Qin period in the arid and semi-arid zone of Northern China. With the studies on seed identification ,the seed percentage, the specific value of foxtail millet and common millet, and the measurement of seed morphology, and combining AMS 14C data, we reconstructed the process of Miocene agricultural evolution in arid and semi-arid areas of Northern China on a centennial scale. Finally, based on the available excavation researches, the environmental evolution data and the human bone isotope studies, we gave an analyzation of the effects on regional society evolutionary with crop evolution and changes on agriculture structure.During our research, we found that in this region, there didn’t have a large apperance of rice and wheat. In effect, the typical crop of dry land agriculture, foxtail millet and common millet, held a principal status during thousands of years. This result matches the research of human bone isotope, and indicated that C4 crop occupied the main recipe location of the dwellers diet at that time. In that case, we found that the regional enviornment and climate conditions have a significant limit on the development of early agricultural system.We also found the planting tendency of foxtail millet reached a high value at Xinhua site, Zhaimao site and Shimao site. When we separated these locations into south part and north part on the basis of the trend of East Asian summer monsoon, it’s clear that during the period of 5000-500 BC, common millet continue occupying the dominant position of northern steppe grassland region, while the proportion of foxtail millet in the southern shrub grassland kept increasing with the passage of time. In addition, there is a widespread presence of soybean or wild soybean remains and peach, apricot, nut remains in these sites, showed the general plant of fruit trees in this period. Seeds of Chenopodiaceae and pinus indicated the collection and utilization of natural plant resources. Under this circumstances, it also confirmed the development of horticulture and a diversity food selection of ancient people.The survey and measurement analysis of the foxtail millet and common millet seed morphology(include length and width) showed that , during 3000-2000BC, carbonized common millet had a significant increasing on its morphology, and it indicated a sustained and stable process of plant domestication. This trend also pointed out that the crop yields of common millet increased by an expanding of its individual granularity at the end of this period. We speculated that the yield of common millet fer unit area was probably double than that of the previous stage at late Longshan period. However, while foxtail millet didn’t show a observably change on its seed form, to cope with the pressure of population growth, we conjectured the increase of foxtail millet yield may due to the increase on the number of grains per plant. This can be confirmed by the increase in the foxtail millet ratio.The enhancement of millet agricultural productivity provided a basis of the population growth in this area, and also, laid the fundation of the spread of dry land agriculture among the Chinese northern grassland, so much as the whole Eurasia land. Eventually, the two crops were distributed worldwide and were planted and ate among 2000 BC. |
| 中文关键词 | 旱作农业 ; 农业起源 ; 农牧交错带 ; 粟 ; 黍 |
| 英文关键词 | dryland agriculture agriculture origin Agro-pastoral zone foxtail millet common millet |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 古生物学与地层学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288098 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 包易格. 中国北方干旱—半干旱地区中全新世旱作农业的演化[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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