Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 榆林地区3000~1000 cal BC的旱作农业特征与影响 | |
| 其他题名 | Archaeobotanical and isotopic study of characteristics and influences of the dryland farming in Yulin Area, Shannxi Province of China during 3000~1000 cal BC |
| 生膨菲 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 胡耀武 ; 尚雪 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 榆林地区位于黄土高原地区北部沙漠黄土过渡地带，处于东部季风区和西北干旱区之间，属于典型的旱作农业区。目前的考古发现显示，从仰韶文化时期农业人群开始拓殖到龙山晚期至夏代早期，榆林地区成为北方地区发展水平最高的古文化区。在其社会复杂化过程中，文化与社会发展的经济基础及古人的旱作农业发展的水平和影响引起学者们的持续关注。学界对榆林地区史前人类旱作农业关注焦点问题主要涉及旱作农业的具体时空框架、具体内涵及其特征；榆林地区先民的旱作农业生产与周边地区的联系与区别；社会复杂化过程中不同聚落等级中的先民作物选择策略及其社会含义；旱作农业发展对先民的食谱、家畜饲养策略及周边共生动物的影响；新石器时代晚期至商周时期榆林先民生业经济中农业经济因素与狩猎、畜牧业经济因素的比重；先民在气候波动时期适应环境变化的策略等。在目前的研究中，由于大植物记录与微体植物记录存在明显不同，学者们对粟与黍的比例认识仍模糊；对先民长时段的适应干旱区环境的作物选择与种植策略认识还不充足；对旱作农业在沙漠黄土过渡带的扩张与强化趋势及其对共生动物的影响的认识尚有薄弱环节。 针对以上焦点问题、研究不足与薄弱环节，本研究选择分析榆林地区2处典型的仰韶晚期遗址，8处龙山早期的典型遗址，1处龙山晚期至夏代早期的典型遗址和1处晚商时期的典型遗址浮选出土的大植物遗存进行分类鉴定，并直接进行炭化农作物的AMS-14C测年建立该地区史前旱作农业活动的年代框架。依据粟、黍体积百分比和粟黍体积比，对已有的大植物遗存进行综合分析，来明确粟和黍的比例关系，尝试考察榆林地区先民在全新世中晚期的沙漠黄土过渡带进行旱作农业的适应策略。不仅如此，为了了解人类的食谱、家畜饲养以及旱作农业生产对共生动物的影响，我们还选择了两处仰韶晚期遗址出土的4例人骨、35例家畜骨和54例草兔骨样品提取骨胶原进行C、N稳定同位素分析，以期了解旱作农业对先民、家畜以及共生动物食性的影响。研究结果如下：仰韶晚期(3000~2500 cal BC)，榆林地区先民从事旱作农业生产，粟(Setaria italica)和黍(Panicum miliaceum)为主要农作物。粟、黍体积百分比和粟黍体积比的结果显示，黍在先民作物生产布局中占据主要地位。仰韶晚期横山杨界沙遗址人骨与动物骨的C、N稳定同位素研究显示了先民已经强化旱作农业的开发，粟黍类食物对先民、家犬及绝大多数家猪(89%)的食物贡献巨大。同时，少量的家猪(11%)食谱为C3类型，显示仍存在相对粗放的家猪饲养方式；另外，通过对杨界沙遗址出土草兔(Lepus capensis)的C、N稳定同位素分析，发现相当数量的草兔(20%)的食物中也出现了粟黍类食物的强烈影响，从侧面揭示出仰韶晚期榆林地区粟黍农业扩张范围广，出现明显的强化趋势，对周边共生草兔食物结构的影响显著，建立了较为亲密的人-兔关系。进入龙山早中期(2500~2200 cal BC)之后，根据榆林地区的横山贾大峁等遗址的大植物遗存研究结果，该时期榆林先民继续以黍为主的旱作农业生产，沿无定河支流——芦河两岸发展出相对密集的农村聚落，人类文化获得稳步发展。龙山晚期至夏代早期(2200~1800 cal BC)榆林地区遗址数量激增，聚落等级差异显著，社会复杂化程度加深。综合量化分析火石梁和已经公布的榆林地区同时代考古遗址浮选出土的大植物记录，揭示出该时段不同聚落中先民对作物的选择。其结果是如火石梁等小型聚落居民延续以黍为主的旱作农业，但与此同时的榆林地区核心聚落——石峁遗址的先民则强化对粟的开发，粟与黍的比例发生明显的改变，以黍为主的作物布局可能已经转变为以粟为主，其作物组合的转变可能与核心聚落具有较强的资源调动能力有关。尽管动物遗存的资料显示，黄牛与绵羊/山羊的引入为榆林地区的史前经济注入新的活力，但先民的食物结构中粟黍类食物的比重仍较大。到石峁遗址及其时代结束之后，榆林地区的人类文化出现了明显的衰退迹象。直至商周时期，榆林地区的人类文化才出现了复兴的势头。属于晚商时期李家崖文化辛庄遗址(1100~1000 cal BC)的大植物遗存研究显示其经济基础中存在以粟、黍为主的旱作农业要素，粟的重要性较黍凸显。综合植物考古和稳定同位素记录，我们认为公元前3000~1000年以黍为主的旱作生产为榆林地区的社会发展提供了稳定的食物供给，从仰韶晚期开始，其强化和扩张的趋势明显，助推了龙山时期的人口增长和文明化的进程，同时奠定了中国北方地区史前文化中“北方模式”的经济基础。 |
| 英文摘要 | Dryland farming, as one of the main means of early human food production, has a long developmental history. Even until today it still occupies pivotal position in agricultural economy. The sustainable dryland farming is undoubtedly related to the global food security. At present, a lot of scholars not only highly discuss the methods of protection and management of dryland farming in arid regions, but also study its history and charateristics as well as the strategies of human adaptation during the Holocene. The Yulin area which is typical of the dryland farming area, is located in the desert loess transition zone on the north Loess Plateau. Based on extant archaeological records, it showed that the Yulin area was one of the major spreading areas of millet farming duing the late Neolothic. Ancint farmers began to colonize in this area in the middle Yangshao period. During the late Longshan period to the early period of the Xia dynasty, the most developed ancient agricultural civilization appeared in this area. What economy that underpinned the emergence of that early urbanized landscapes on the north Loess Plareau have attracted constant attention by many researchers.At present, the focus of the prehistoric agriculture in the Yulin area mainly concerns the specific connotation and characteristics of the agricultural economy in this area; The spatial and temporal framework of the development of agricultural production in dry land; The proportion of different crops in production; The relation and difference between the dryland farming in Yulin and the other contemporary surrounding areas during the late Neolithic; The different strategies of crop farming between different agricultural communities in the evolution process of ancient societies; The diet and lifestyle of the ancient humans and their strategies of animal husbandry; The effect on the symbiotic or commensal animals in highly expansion of millet farming in the desert-loess transition zone; The proportion of the agricultural economic factors and the economic factors of hunting or animal husbandry during the late Neolithic to the Shang and Zhou dynasties; The strategy to adapt to the changeable climatic conditions during the mid-late Holocene. Due to the differeces between the records of macrobotanical and microbotanical records, many scholars still have a vague understanding of the proportion of foxtail millet and common millet in the prehistoric millet agriculture in the Yulin area. In addition, there is insufficient study of crop choice and cropping patterns in adapting to arid environment from a longterm presepective. Moreover, there is still weak archaeolocial evidence of impact of man-made millet foods on the symbiotic small animals in the expansion and strengthening trend of milet farming on the north Loess Plateau.In the present study, by using new flotation results of archaeobotanical records combined with direct AMS-14C dating of charred millets and extant macro-botanical data recovered from Yulin area on the north Loess Plateau, we investigated the human crop choices and cropping patterns of agrarian communities living in the marginal area of the East Asian monsoonal climatic zone. It indicated that the common millet (Panicum miliaceum)-based cropping pattern was dominant in the Yulin area during the late Yangshao period (3000~2500 cal BC). During the Longshan period (2500~1800 cal BC), it showed that the most agrarian communities continue the previous cropping patterns which are shaped since the beginning of the late Yangshao period, yet, there was a slightly increase of foxtail millet cultivation under even colder and dryer climatic conditions during the Longshan period. We argure that the risk-oriented ways of millet choice and management selected by late Neolithic human beings is highly reponsed to the arid environment and fluctuant climate during the mid-late Holocene. However, there was a distinct cropping pattern at Shimao site of the Longshan period (2200~1800 cal BC) and Xinzhuang site of the late Shang dynasty (1100~1000 cal BC) which are contrary to the dominant models of earlier cropping pattern in the Yulin area since about 3000 cal BC. It appeared as high percentage of foxtail millet in the estimated yield and relative high ratio of foxtail/common millet at Shimao and Xinzhuang. It showed that the intensive foxtail millet farming which is achieved by expanding the absolute scale of cultivation, is probably attributed to population or food pressure and intensification of agricultural activities in the Shimao and Xinzhuang. In addition, previous archaeological evidence also suggested political control, ritual power, and material wealth are likely concentrated at the elites at Shimao and Xinzhuang. It is plausible to believe that relatively large amounts of foxtail millet at Shimao and Xinzhuang is likely related to elite-controlled cereal redistribution and/or the trade with other agarin communities further in southern areas on the Loess Plateau. Due to deeper our understanding of the diet and lifestyle of humans and their animal husbandry strategis as well as answer the questions of when and where the wild small herbivores were first attracted to live within the human environmental niche created by agricultural settlements in the Yulin area on the north Loess Plateau. Here, we use isotopic measurements of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) as approaches for reconstruct the diet of humans (n = 4) and domestic animals (n = 33) from the Yangjiesha (c. 2900-2700 cal BC) and Wangyangpan sites. In addition, we also report the presence of commensal desert hares (Lepus capensis) based on stable isotope ratio analysis (n = 54) at the Neolithic agricultural villages (Yangjiesha and Wangyangpan) located on the northern Loess Plateau of China. Most hares (80%) have δ13C results that reflect a C3 diet of the natural forage surrounding these sites. However, 11 specimens (20%) display isotopic evidence of significant millet consumption. The unique dietary patterns of these hares indicate they resided inside or near human settlement areas and had developed a long-term commensal relationship with possible direct human management. Thus, we find evidence for a forgotten early episode of mutualistic human-hare interaction in north China which dates to the late Neolithic, c. 5,000 years ago. |
| 中文关键词 | 榆林地区 ; 旱作农业 ; 植物考古 ; 稳定同位素分析 ; 新石器时代晚期 |
| 英文关键词 | Yulin Dryland farming Archaeobotany Stable isotopes Late Neolithic |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 科学技术史 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288096 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 生膨菲. 榆林地区3000~1000 cal BC的旱作农业特征与影响[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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