Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 鄂尔多斯高原遗鸥种群繁殖对策及其保护研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Study on Reproductive Strategy and Conservation of Relict Gull (Larus relictus) in Erdos Plateau |
| 王琳 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 刘兴土 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 遗鸥是最晚被科学界认知的鸥属鸟类，为我国一级重点保护野生动物，被《世界自然保护联盟》认定为易危种。繁殖于亚洲中部干旱-半干旱区湖泊的湖心岛上，其中鄂尔多斯高原是遗鸥的主要繁殖区之一。近年来，在人类活动和气候变化的影响下，鄂尔多斯高原湖泊栖息地质量急剧退化，遗鸥种群受到威胁，区域内遗鸥的主要繁殖地——红碱淖的种群数量开始持续下降。为掌握遗鸥种群的受胁程度，了解种群对栖息地退化的适应能力，本论文于鄂尔多斯高原开展遗鸥种群繁殖对策及其保护研究，旨在为气候变化和栖息地退化的双重压力下遗鸥种群的保护及其栖息地适应性管理政策的制定提供基础资料。研究发现1985-2011年，鄂尔多斯高原区域气候特点总体主要表现为年均温距平升高，降水量减少。遗鸥桃-阿海子和红碱淖繁殖种群数量与区域温度变化关系较小，而与前一年的降水量呈负相关，表明区域温度的升高并不是制约鸟种分布的直接因素，而降雨量与分布种群数量的关系有可能与湖心岛面积变化有关。对遗鸥繁殖栖息地选择的研究发现，遗鸥繁殖湖区的选择与湖区结构特征呈极显著相关（r=0.853**, P=0.000, n=19），水体水质特征（r=0.079, P=0.749, n=19）和人类活动（r=0.069, P=0.779, n=19）与该选择过程无明显相关性。巢址选择遵循栖息地优先占领原则。湖心岛上植被覆盖度（不高于38.9%）、植被高度（低于23.15cm）是影响其巢址选择的重要环境因子。这种选择与遗鸥巢为地面巢有关，较高的植被覆盖度影响筑巢、较高的植被高度影响成鸟孵化时视野。沙区和鲜草区不同巢址卵失重、出雏率和初生雏鸟重差异表明鲜草区更有利于增加遗鸥繁殖适合度。通过生境容纳量的计算我们发现限制鄂尔多斯高原区域遗鸥种群承载能力的主要因素不是繁殖岛空间，是食物量。对90个微卫星位点的跨物种扩增，共发现11个阳性扩增的多态性位点，多态信息含量为0.373 - 0.775，观测杂合度0.481 - 0.827。跨物种微卫星位点在遗鸥种群中较低的扩增率和多态性表明其种群具有低水平基因流和遗传多样性，这可能受到种群数量较小等原因的影响。本研究中的32个微卫星引物均可用于未来遗鸥种群保护遗传学相关方面的研究。在食物匮乏、基因多态性水平较低的种群现状下，遗鸥红碱淖繁殖群，卵大小的维持能力已较差。2015年，遗鸥产卵大小在40.05cm3 至 66.35cm3，并随卵序的增加而减小（F2,343=35.7, P<0.001）；子代性比显著偏向雄性，遗鸥子代性别比例整体为0.549，首枚卵显著偏向雄性（61 males vs. 19 females; Z=-4.696; P<0.001）；10日龄后的死亡的雏鸟显著偏向雄性（>10 days; Z=-2.526; P =0.012），其死因主要为饥饿。种群子代性比从整体和卵性别顺序方面偏向雄性，可能与雄性扩散和食物资源匮乏下较高的雄性死亡率等有关。该一系列研究结果显示遗鸥红碱淖繁殖群已处于非健康发展状态。在栖息地退化和食物资源受限背景下，遗鸥种群可能通过子代性比调整缓解种群对繁殖地资源的竞争。但栖息地退化对其繁殖适合度和种群动态已产生负面影响。为此需更重视遗鸥及其栖息地的保护和管理工作，在鄂尔多斯高原重视湖区景观和其他类型湿地的修复，繁殖岛构建中考虑适宜绿色植被的种植；增加可利用的繁殖生境及其周围取食地的整体保护；管理区域煤矿、盐碱生产等。 |
| 英文摘要 | The relict gull (Larus relictus) is a rare species breeding at grounds floating and scattering in salt marshes of Asia. It was classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, as its population only breeds at a small number of wetlands in arid areas which could be strongly influenced by climate change. Currently, changes in water level and loss of ephemeral wetland habitats in semi-arid region of China are imposing an negatively impact on relict gull. To improve the conservation and management of relict gull, we conducted this study to further understand the reproductive strategies and provide the basis for the protection of the relict gulls under the dual pressures of climate change and habitat degradation and the formulation of adaptive management policies for their habitats .This study found that during the period from 1985 to 2011, the climate characteristics of the Ordos Plateau were mainly represented by an annual average temperature anomaly of 1.12 °C in 17 years, and the precipitation generally showed a decreasing trend. The number of breeding populations of the gull Tao-A Nur and Hongjian Nur has little relationship with regional temperature changes, and negatively with the precipitation of the previous year, indicating that the increase of regional temperature is not a direct factor that restricts the distribution of bird species. The constraints of rainfall on the number of distributed populations may be related to the changes in the area of the lake island.The study on the selection of relict gull breeding habitat found that the structural characteristics of the lake area, such as the available water area in the lake area, the grass area around the lake area and the presence or absence of the lake island, were significantly correlated the selection of relict gull breeding lake area (r=0.853**, P=0.000, n=19) and water quality characteristics (r=0.079, P=0.749, n=19) and human activities (r=0.069, P=0.779, n=19) were not significantly correlated with this selection process. The selection of relict gull nest sites follows the Ideal Despotic distribution. The vegetation coverage and vegetation height on the islands are important environmental factors affecting the selection of their nest sites. The relict gulls only choose the vegetation coverage not higher than 38.9% and the height is not higher than The breeding area is 23.15cm. This choice is related to the relocation of nests of nesting nests to the ground nests. Higher vegetation coverage affects nesting and higher vegetation heights affect the vision of birds as they hatch, which in turn affects their observation and defense of predators. Differences in egg weight loss, hatching rate, and birth weight of new chicks caused by different temperature and humidity characteristics in different nest sites in the sand and fresh grass areas indicate that the fresh grass area is more conducive to increasing the breeding suitability of the relict gull. Based on the calculation of the capacity index, we find that breeding island space in recent years is not the main factor that restricts the number of Ordos populations of relict gull, and the main factors limiting the carrying capacity of the relict gull population in the Ordos Plateau is food availability .By amplifying 90 microsatellite primers selected from 8 other gulls, we found that 11 sites were successfully amplified and polymorphic in the relict gull population. The polymorphism information content was 0.373 to 0.775. The heterozygosity was observed from 0.481 to 0.827. The low amplification rate and polymorphism of the relict gull population at 90 sites compared to other species may indicate that the population has low levels of gene flow and polymorphism.In 2015, the relict gull eggs size spawned at 40.05 cm3 to 66.35 cm3, and decreased with increasing position (F2, 343=35.7, P<0.001); In 2015, the overall offspring sex ratio was 0.549, which was significantly biased towards males (Z=-3.184; P=0.001; n=566). The first egg was significantly biased to males (61 males vs. 19 females; Z=-4.696; P<0.001). 10="" and="" most="" of="" the="" chicks="" that="" died="" attack="" appeared="" in="" young="" stage="" age="" before="" .="" starvation="" was="" dead="" reason="" for="" after="" days="" over="" 10-day-old="" were="" significantly="" biased="" towards="" males="">10 days; Z=-2.526; P=0.012). The results of the study showed that the breeding group of the relict gulls was in a non-healthy state. Because of the small number of populations, the genetic heterozygosity of the population was lower than other gulls. Due to the limited food resources, the egg size maintenance ability of females was poor, and the chicks were severely affected by hunger. The offspring sex ratio of the population tends to be male in terms of the overall and egg sex sequence, and may be related to the dispersal of males.To this end, a cooperative network between protected areas was established to actively manage a wide range of rural areas; the management of regional coal mines, salinity production, restoration of vegetation structure and hydrological status; and the increase of available breeding habitats and the overall protection of the surrounding feeding places became current key to wetland ecosystem management in the Ordos Plateau region . |
| 中文关键词 | 遗鸥 ; 栖息地选择 ; 微卫星 ; 性比 ; 物种保护 |
| 英文关键词 | 遗鸥，栖息地选择，微卫星，性比，物种保护 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288092 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王琳. 鄂尔多斯高原遗鸥种群繁殖对策及其保护研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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