Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 不同健康状况下的宁夏草地生态系统服务分析 | |
| 其他题名 | Analysys of grassland ecosystem services under different health conditions in Ningxia |
| 王洋洋 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 肖玉 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 生态系统服务和生态系统健康已成为人类关注的焦点和热点，草地生态系统是宁夏最主要的生态系统类型。目前，草地退化导致宁夏回族自治区的区域生态问题越来越突出，研究宁夏草地生态系统健康状况，评价该区域草地资源生态服务功能及其经济价值，分析不同健康状况下草地生态系统服务变化，可为制定草地生态系统保护与恢复政策提供科学依据。本文在分析宁夏草地生态系统时空格局及其健康状况基础上，利用RWEQ、水分平衡模型和CASA模型模拟分析了宁夏草地生态系统防风固沙、水源涵养、土壤碳累积和有机物生产等4项生态系统服务的物质量和价值量时空动态，探讨了不同健康状况下的草地生态系统服务差异。主要结论如下：（1）宁夏回族自治区土地资源利用呈现“草地-耕地”为主导的地域结构，35年间的草地面积共减少了2.59×109m2。草地主要分布在宁夏回族自治区东北部、中部和南部。温度是影响草地质量变化的重要因子，人口因子是宁夏草地面积变化的重要驱动因子，人均GDP、煤炭开采占比和牧业占比则是宁夏草地面积变化的重要影响因子。（2）2000—2015年宁夏草地生态系统活力指数在0.07~0.77之间，组织力指数在0~1之间，恢复力指数在0.15~88.02之间，生态系统健康指数平均值为3.44~7.98。南部和西北部地区草地生态系统健康指数较高，中部地区草地生态系统健康指数较低中部地区草地健康指数分布主要的特点是“南高中低、西高东低”。草地健康状况经历了“恶化-好转-恶化”的过程。健康等级为“中等健康”及以上的草地面积占比达55%~91%，健康等级为“较不健康”和“比较健康”的草地年际间波动幅度最大，草地健康状况呈现“两极分化”的变化趋势。对于宁夏草地的管理和治理，需要更加关注健康等级显著降低的中部和西部草地生态系统。（3）2000—2015年宁夏草地潜在风蚀总量为23.71×109~93.91×109kg?a-1，实际风蚀总量为6.96×109~53.06×109kg?a-1，平均实际风蚀强度为0.31~2.34kg?m2?a-1；草地防风固沙物质总量共减少了48.35×109kg?a-1，平均单位面积防风固沙物质量在0.64~2.77 kg?m2?a-1之间；草地防风固沙能力等级以“中等”和“较弱”为主，占总固沙量的53%~96%；防风固沙能力等级为“中等”及以上的草地面积显著下降，占比不断减小，“弱”和“较弱”等级的草地面积则不断上升，占比增加；北部灌区和中部干旱区草地防风固沙量占防风固沙总量的90%以上，但随时间显著下降，共降低了46.99×109kg?a-1，南部山区草地防风固沙量则呈现先增加后减少的趋势，共降低了1.46×109kg?a-1。对于宁夏草地的管理和治理，需要更加关注防风固沙能力显著降低的宁夏北部灌区和中部干旱区。（4）2000—2015年宁夏年降雨量平均值在245.46~298.48mm之间，单位面积径流量平均值在15.46~18.88mm之间，草地平均潜在蒸散发强度为1024.13~1158.26mm，平均实际蒸散发强度为122.79~181.00mm。草地水源涵养总量在18.23×106~25.89×106m3之间，随时间变化逐渐上升；平均单位面积水源涵养量在75.62~107.28mm之间，单位面积水源涵养量明显上升；单位面积水源涵养量较高的区域集中在南部，单位面积水源涵养量较低的区域则主要分布在宁夏北部和中部，在空间变化上呈现出“西南降低，东北增加”的特点。草地水源涵养能力等级以“强”和“较强”为主，占总水源涵养量的53%~73%；宁夏草地整体水源涵养功能显著上升，水源涵养总量共增加了4.07×106m3，单位面积水源涵养量显著上升；主要草地水源涵养能力等级以“强”和“较强”为主；南部山区和中部干旱区草地在宁夏草地水源涵养服务中发挥的作用相对较高；相较于2000年三大区域草地水源涵养能力均有所提升。（5）2000—2015年宁夏草地生态系统土壤碳累积总量为249.49×109~252.95×109kg，单位面积土壤碳累积量在2.43~138.59kg·m-2之间，单位面积土壤碳累积量平均值为10.99~11.03kg·m-2。草地整体土壤碳累积波动式降低，土壤碳累积总量共降低了0.36×109kg，单位面积土壤碳累积量有所上升；主要草地土壤碳累积能力等级以“强”和“较强”为主；北部灌区和中部干旱区草地在宁夏草地土壤碳累积服务中发挥的作用相对较高；相较于2000年，北部灌区草地土壤碳累积能力提升但总量减少，中部干旱区和南部山区草地土壤碳累积能力降低但总量增加。因此，近15年间宁夏草地生态系统土壤碳累积能力呈降低趋势，未来需要加大退退化草地的修复力度，恢复草地面积及功能，维持和加强草地生态系统的土壤固碳潜力。（6）2000—2015年宁夏草地生态系统NPP为7.71~851.16 gC·m-2·a-1，平均值为138.56~173.24 gC·m-2·a-1，年NPP总量在33.17×109 ~43.44×109 gC·a-1之间。2000—2015年间宁夏草地NPP呈波动时增加趋势，NPP年总量共增加了4.58×109 gC·a-1。单位面积草地生产力提升；南部山区草地生态系统生产力最高，其次是中部干旱区，北部灌区草地生产力较低。（7）2000—2015年宁夏草地生态系统防风固沙价值总量在186.23~810.52亿元?a-1之间，随时间变化呈“降低-增加-降低”的波动式变化趋势，近15年间共减少了624.29亿元。水源涵养总价值量在87.95~125.37亿元?a-1之间，近15年间共增加了19.42亿元。草地生态系统土壤碳累积价值总量为14.99~15.20亿元?a-1，近15年共降低了0.02亿元；有机物质生产的价值总量在28.15~36.84亿元?a-1之间，近15年间共增加了3.82亿元，4项服务的总价值量共降低了601.24亿元。（8）2000—2015年宁夏草地水源涵养、土壤碳累积和有机物生产服务物质量与价值量与健康等级成正比，健康等级较高的草地生态系统水源涵养和土壤碳累积价值量较高，并能提供更高的植物生产力；健康等级为“中等”及以下的草地由于受到更大的风蚀威胁而发挥了更大的防风固沙功能。生态系统服务单位面积价值量和总量较高的草地生态系统健康等级在提升，由“中等”及以下变为“中等”及以上；然而不同健康等级草地的生态系统服务单位面积价值量均显著下降，特别是“中等健康”草地的生态系统服务单位面积价值量和总价值量下降幅度最大。未来对于宁夏草地生态系统研究需要进一步进行模型参数本地化，提高模型模拟精度，同时对于具体草地生态系统类型的健康及生态系统服务差异还有待更深入的研究。另外由于考虑到宁夏草地变化的时空差异，以及2000年以后开始实施的各项草地保护政策，论文仅研究了2000—2015年间宁夏草地生态系统健康和生态系统服务的差异，对于2000年以前的相关研究还需要后续研究作进一步的探讨。 |
| 英文摘要 | Ecosystem services and ecosystem health have become the focus and focus of human attention. Grassland ecosystem is the most important ecosystem type in Ningxia. At present, the degradation of grassland has led to an increasingly prominent regional ecological problem in the Ningxia. It can provide scientific basis for formulating grassland ecosystem protection and restoration policies to graspe the types and distribution of grassland ecosystems and evaluate the economic value of grassland ecological service function in this region. Based on the analysis of the spatial-temporal pattern and health status of grassland ecosystems in Ningxia, the paper uses RWEQ, VOR, water balance model and CASA model to simulate and analyze four ecosystem services including sand-fixing, water conservation, soil carbon accumulation and organic production, and the spatio-temporal dynamics of quality and quantity of value explored differences in grassland ecosystem services under different ecosystem health conditions. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) The utilization of land resources in Ningxia presents a geographical structure dominated by "grassland-cultivated land". The area of grassland in 35 years has decreased by 2.59×109m2. Grassland is mainly distributed in the northeast, central and southern parts of Ningxia. Temperature is an important factor affecting the quality of grassland. Population factor is an important driving factor for the change of grassland area in Ningxia. Per capita GDP, coal mining proportion and animal husbandry proportion are the important factors affecting grassland area change in Ningxia.(2) The grassland ecosystem vigor index ranged from 0.07 to 0.77 in 2000—2015, the organization index was between 0 and 1, the resilience index was between 0.15 and 88.02, and the average value of the ecosystem health index was 3.44 to 7.98. The grassland ecosystem health index was higher in the southern and northwest regions, and was lower in the central region. The main characteristics of the distribution of grassland health index in the central region are "high in the south and the east, low in the middler aea and the west". The health status of the grassland has undergone a process of "deterioration-recovery-deterioration". The area of grassland with a health rating of "moderately healthy" and above accounts for 55% to 91%, while the grassland with "healthier" and "healthier" health classes fluctuated most frequently, and the grassland health status presented the trend of "polarization". For the management and governance of grassland in Ningxia, more attention needs to be paid on the grassland ecosystems in the central and western regions where the health level has reduced significantly.(3) The total amount of wind erosion in Ningxia grassland from 2000 to 2015 was 23.71×109~93.91×109kg?a-1. The actual total wind erosion was 6.96×109~ 53.06×109 kg?a-1. The average actual wind erosion intensity was 0.31~ 2.34kg?m2?a-1, while the total amount of windbreaks and sand-fixing substances in grassland decreased by 48.35×109kg?a-1, and the average windbreak and sand-fixing mass per unit area was between 0.64~2.77 kg?m2?a-1. The capacity grades were mainly "medium" and "weak", which account for 53% to 96% of the total sand-fixing capacity. The grassland area with "middle" and above grades of sand-fixing capability reduced significantly, with the proportion continuously decreasing. The area and the proportion of grassland with "weaker" and "weak" grades continued to increase. The amount of sand-fixing in the grasslands in the north and middle arid areas accounted for more than 90% of the total amount of sand-fixing, but it has dropped significantly by a total of 46.99×109kg?a-1. The sand-fixing amount of grassland in southern mountainous areas showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, with a total reduction of 1.46 × 109 kg ?a-1. For the management of Ningxia grassland, more attention should be paid on the Ningxia northern irrigation area and the central arid area, where sand control capacity reduced significantly.(4) The average annual rainfall in Ningxia from 2000 to 2015 was between 245.46 and 298.48mm, the average runoff per unit area was 15.46~18.88mm, and the mean potential evapotranspiration of grassland was 1024.13~1158.26mm. The average actual evapotranspiration was 122.79~181.00mm. The total amount of grassland water conservation was 18.23×106~25.89×106m3 which gradually increased with time. The average water conservation per unit area was 75.62~107.28mm and the water conservation per unit area increased significantly. The areas of high water conservation per unit area were concentrated in the south, and the areas with lower water conservation per unit area were mainly distributed in the northern and central parts of Ningxia. They showed the characteristics of"lower in the southwest and increase in the northeast" in terms of spatial changes. Grassland water conservation capacity ranked mainly in "strong" and "stronger", accounting for 53%~73% of the total water conservation; the overall water conservation function of grassland in Ningxia has increased significantly, and the total amount of water conservation has increased by 4.07×106m3. The area's water conservation capacity increased significantly and the main grassland water conservation capacity levels were mainly "strong" and "stronger"; the southern mountainous areas and the central arid area grassland played a relatively high role in grassland water conservation services. In the three major regions, the grassland water conservation capacity has improved compared with 2000.(5) The total soil carbon accumulation in the grassland ecosystem in Ningxia during 2000—2015 was 249.49×109~252.95×109kg. The soil carbon accumulation per unit area was between 2.43 and 138.59 kg·m-2, and the average soil carbon accumulation per unit area was 10.99 to 11.03 kg·m-2. The total soil carbon accumulation in the grassland decreased fluctuatingly, and the soil total carbon decreased by 0.36 × 109 kg. The soil carbon accumulation per unit area increased, and the main grassland soil carbon accumulation capacity was mainly “strong” and “strong”. The role of soil carbon accumulation in the grassland of Ningxia was relatively high in the north irrigation area and the central arid grassland. Compared with 2000, the soil carbon accumulation capacity of the grassland in the north irrigation area increased but the total amount decreased. The cumulative capacity of soil carbon in the middle arid area and the southern mountainous area grassland decreased but the total amount of soil carbon accumulation increased. Therefore, the soil carbon accumulation capacity of grassland ecosystems in Ningxia has been decreasing over the past 15 years. In the future, it is necessary to increase the remediation of degraded grassland, restore grassland area and function, and maintain and enhance the soil carbon sequestration potential of grassland ecosystems.(6) NPP of grassland ecosystem in Ningxia during 2000 and 2015 ranged from 7.71 to 851.16 gC·m-2·a-1, with an average level of 138.56 to 173.24 gC·m-2·a-1, while the total annual NPP was 33.17×109~43.44×109 gC·a-1. During the period from 2000 to 2015, the NPP of Ningxia grassland showed a trend of increase with the annual total NPP increased by 4.58×109 gC·a-1. The grassland productivity per unit area increased and the productivity of the grassland ecosystem in the southern mountainous area was the highest, followed by the central arid area, and the grassland productivity in the northern irrigation area was relatively low.(7) From 2000 to 2015, the total value of sand-fixing of grassland ecosystems in Ningxia was 186.23~81.052 billion yuan per year, showing a "decrease-increase-decrease" trend over time, and a total of 15 years. A decrease of 62.429 billion yuan. The total value of water conservation was 87.95~12.537 billion yuan per year, increasing 1.942 billion yuan over the past 15 years. The total value of soil carbon accumulation in grassland ecosystems was 14.99~15.20 billion yuan per year, reducing 0.02 billion yuan over the past 15 years. The total value of organic material production was 28.15~3.684 billion yuan per year, increasing 382 million yuan over the past 15 years. And the total value of the 4 ecosystem services decreased by 60.124 billion yuan.(8) From 2000 to 2015, the water conservation, soil carbon accumulation, and organic matter production service quality and value of grassland in Ningxa were directly proportional to health grades. Grassland ecosystems with higher health grades have higher values of water conservation and soil carbon accumulation, with higher plant productivity; while grasslands with "moderate" or lower health grades provided more sand-fixing services due to greater wind erosion threats. The grassland ecosystems with higher values and total amount of ecosystem service units have improved their health grades from "medium" and below to "medium" and above; however, the value of ecosystem services per unit area of grasslands with different health grades has decreased significantly. In particular, the amount of value and total value of ecosystem service units in "medium-health" grasslands fell the most. In the future, the model parameters should be localized to improve the simulation accuracy of the model and further research should consentrate on the different types of grassland in Ningxia. In addition, considering the temporal and spatial differences of grassland changes and the fact that grassland protection policies haven’t been implemented until 2000, the study period about ecosystem health and ecosystem services is just between 2000 and 2015 in this paper, so that it needs further research. |
| 中文关键词 | 生态系统服务 ; 生态系统健康 ; 草地生态系统 ; 宁夏 |
| 英文关键词 | Ecosystem services Ecosystem health Grassland ecosystem Ningxia |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288085 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王洋洋. 不同健康状况下的宁夏草地生态系统服务分析[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
| 条目包含的文件 | 条目无相关文件。 | |||||
| 个性服务 |
| 推荐该条目 |
| 保存到收藏夹 |
| 导出为Endnote文件 |
| 谷歌学术 |
| 谷歌学术中相似的文章 |
| [王洋洋]的文章 |
| 百度学术 |
| 百度学术中相似的文章 |
| [王洋洋]的文章 |
| 必应学术 |
| 必应学术中相似的文章 |
| [王洋洋]的文章 |
| 相关权益政策 |
| 暂无数据 |
| 收藏/分享 |
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。
