Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 干旱亚洲大气颗粒物的时空变化及其生态环境效应 | |
| 其他题名 | The spatiotemporal variations of the atmospheric particulates and its ecological effects in arid Asia |
| 焦琳琳 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 王训明 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 自工业革命以来，大规模的农业生产和工业发展等人类活动导致大气中的颗粒物大幅度增加。大气颗粒物通过直接和间接效应影响区域乃至全球辐射平衡和气候。同时，沉降到陆地表层的大气颗粒物为生态系统提供了养分和微量元素，并参与生物地球化学循环，对生态系统的结构和功能产生深远影响。干旱亚洲是东起大兴安岭西至里海，多年平均降水量在500 mm以下的干旱半干旱区，是全球大气颗粒物主要的沙尘源区和沉降区，该地区的气候和生态系统对大气颗粒物的响应极其敏感。以往研究主要集中于探讨大气颗粒物对区域辐射和气候的影响，却很少关注大气颗粒物对植被活动的影响以及大气沉降对源区生态系统的影响。本文围绕干旱亚洲大气颗粒物的时空变化及其生态环境效应这一主题开展了相关工作，主要包括以下几个内容：通过遥感技术手段，分析近11年来干旱亚洲大气颗粒物浓度（AOD）的时空差异及大气颗粒物浓度（AOD）与植被指数（NDVI）之间的关系，探讨大气颗粒物对植被活动的影响；通过搜集以往大气降尘方面的文献，并对降尘的沉降通量校准，分析干旱亚洲大气降尘的时空差异；利用气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）和气象因素估算了PM10沉降通量，并分析近11年来 PM10沉降通量的时空差异；基于野外数据和文献数据等，分析浑善达克沙地大气颗粒物沉降对生物土壤结皮层及其表层土壤的影响，探讨大气沉降的生态环境效应，为干旱亚洲大气沉降对土壤和植被的影响提供了科学依据，也为保护干旱亚洲脆弱的生态环境提供了数据支撑和理论依据。得出以下主要结论：（1）干旱亚洲大气颗粒物浓度具有明显的时空差异。2005-2015年干旱亚洲年均AOD为0.180。印度河平原、塔里木盆地边缘、柴达木盆地以及毛乌素沙地东缘年平均AOD值高于0.6；蒙古高原北部、哈萨克丘陵以及伊朗高原大部分地区AOD值基本上低于0.15。干旱亚洲大气颗粒物浓度季节变化明显，其中干旱亚洲西部夏季大气颗粒物浓度最高，而东部春季最高。干旱亚洲年平均大气颗粒物浓度的变化具有空间异质性：西部大气颗粒物浓度基本上呈现增长的趋势（塔尔沙漠除外），而东部的大气颗粒物浓度变化趋势较复杂。大气颗粒物浓度增长较快的区域为里海沿岸平原和干旱亚洲的东北部。大气颗粒物浓度的变化率也呈现明显的季节差异，夏季大气颗粒物浓度的增长速率最快，尤其是里海沿岸平原和内蒙古高原东北部。（2）干旱亚洲生长季大气颗粒物与植被活动基本上以负相关关系为主，显著负相关的区域主要出现在中亚南部地区、塔尔沙漠和蒙古高原东南部地区；生长季大气颗粒物与植被活动呈正相关的地区零散分布在干旱亚洲。自第225天开始，干旱亚洲大气颗粒物与植被活动呈现显著负相关的区域范围呈增加的趋势；第257-272天、第273-288天和第225-240天大气颗粒物与植被活动呈负相关的覆盖面积较大，分别占总面积的18.35%、17.20%和15.06%。（3）干旱亚洲大气降尘的年均沉降通量较高的地区是图兰盆地、咸海沙漠以及塔里木盆地。干旱亚洲各区域大气降尘具有明显的季节变化，其中塔里木盆地在春夏季的沉降通量普遍较高，蒙古南部高原在春季的沉降通量较高，而伊朗高原在夏季的沉降通量较高，这主要是由于东西部气候条件的差异。（4）干旱中国PM10沉降通量从西到东呈现减少的趋势。干旱中国PM10多年平均沉降通量在0.01-153.30 g m-2 yr-1，平均值为24.04 g m-2 yr-1；塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地和阿拉善高原地区PM10沉降通量较高。PM10沉降通量具有明显的季节变化：春季沉降通量最高，在0.30-54.65 g m-2 season-1之间，均值为10.70 g m-2 season-1，夏秋冬三季的PM10沉降通量较小且空间差异性不明显，这主要是由于春季沙尘天气频繁所致。（5）在浑善达克沙地，PM10沉降改变了生物土壤结皮层的理化性质，提供了丰富的营养元素。通过东西样带的比较，我们发现在PM10沉降通量较高的西样带生物土壤结皮层的pH、电导率、硝态氮都显著高于东样带（除铵态氮外），结皮层以下土层的化学属性则没有显著性差异。PM10沉降对东西样带生物结皮层多数元素的含量也有明显影响：Al、Ca、Fe、Mg和Ti元素在西样带含量显著高于东样带；而Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn元素则在东样带含量显著高于西样带。PM10为苔藓植物提供了Al、K、Pb和Zn元素，而Fe和Ca元素则由土壤提供。 |
| 英文摘要 | Human activities such as large-scale agricultural production and industrial development have caused a dramatic increasing in atmospheric particulate since the industrial revolution. Atmospheric particulates influence regional and even global radiation balance and climate through direct and indirect effects. At the same time, atmospheric particulates depositing to the surface of the land provide the ecosystem with nutrients and trace elements, and influence the biogeochemical cycle, with far-reaching effects on the structure and function of the ecosystem. Arid Asia which stretches from the Great Xing’an Mountains to the Caspian Sea, and an annual mean precipitation of less than 500 mm is one of the main source regions for global atmospheric aerosols and total suspended particulates and the climate and ecosystem of arid Asia are extremely sensitive to atmospheric particulate matter. Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of atmospheric particulates on regional radiation and climate, but have focused little on the effects of atmospheric particulate matter on vegetation activity and atmospheric deposition on the source region ecosystem. Around the theme of atmospheric deposition and their eco-environmental effects in arid Asia, we research the relevant work, including the following work: this research analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of dustfall by collecting the literature; the spatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical depth by the remote sensing techniques and statistical methods; the correlation relationship between AOD and NDVI over the past 11 years; the spatial and temporal variations of deposition flux about dustfall; the concentration and deposition flux of PM10 inversion in arid China by the geographical weighted regression model from 2005 to 2015; the ecological effects of atmospheric deposition by analysing the physical and chemical properties of biological soil crust and the following soil layer. In this research, we discussed the spatiotemporal deposition flux and ecological effect of atmospheric deposition to provide the scientific basis for the influence of atmospheric deposition on the soil and vegetation in arid Asia and the data support and theoretical basis for protecting the ecological environment. The main conclusion as follows:(1) The atmospheric particulate concentrations in arid Asia had a obvious spatial and temporal difference. The annual average AOD in arid Asia was 0.180. In the Indus Plain, the margin of the Tarim Basin, the Qaidam Basin and the southeast of Mu Us Desert, the AOD was higher than 0.60, and in the northern Mongolian Plateau, the Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik and most of the Iranian Plateau, the AOD was lower than 0.15. The seasonal atmospheric particulate concentration varied remarkably among different regions, and the spring and summer mean atmospheric particulate concentration were higher than other seasons, the highest atmospheric particulate concentration of the western arid Asia was in summer, and the highest atmospheric particulate concentration of the eastern arid Asia was in spring. The trend of annual mean atmospheric particulate concentration in the arid Asia also had the spatial heterogeneity: in the western arid Asia, atmospheric particulate concentration had basically the growth trend (excluding the Thar Desert) and the eastern arid Asia, the trend of annual mean atmospheric particulate concentration was discrepancy in different regions. The growing rate of atmospheric particulate concentration was highest in the summer, espically in the Caspian Plain and the northeast of Inner Mongolian Plateau.(2) The correlations of atmospheric particulates and vegetation activities in growing season were basically negative in arid Asia. In the southern central Asia, central Indus Plain and the southeastern Mongolian Plateau, the significant negative correlation is higher than that in other regions. The regions where the correlations of atmospheric particulates and vegetation activities were significant positive during growing region in scattered regions. From the temporal scale, the range of area where the correlations of atmospheric particulates and vegetation activities were significant negative increased from the 225th day. The area where the correlations of atmospheric particulates and vegetation activities were significant positive on the 257th - 272th day, 273th - 288th day and 225th - 240th day was lagrer than other time and the propotion of area is 18.35%, 17.20% and 15.06%, respectively. (3) The annual deposition flux is high on the Turan Plain, Aral Sea Desert, and Tarim Basin in arid Asia. The seasonal deposition flux also varies remarkably among different regions in arid Asia. The Tarim Basin shows higher deposition flux in both spring and summer, southern Mongolian Plateau has a higher deposition flux in spring, and the deposition flux of Iran Plateau is higher in summer. This is mainly due to the different weather conditions in the eastern and western regions.(4) The dry deposition flux of PM10 in arid China showed a decreasing trend from west to east. The annual mean PM10 deposition fluxes in arid and semiarid China ranged from 0.01 to 153.30 g m-2 yr-1 with annual mean of 24.04 g m-2 yr-1. The higher deposition fluxes were in the Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin and Alashan Plateau. There was also a significant spatial-temporal variation in seasonal scale: the PM10 deposition flux was highest in spring, with seasonal mean of 10.7 g m-2 season-1. The seasonal mean PM10 deposition fluxes in summer, autumn and winter were smaller and the spatial differences were smaller. This is mainly due to frequent dusty weather in spring.(5) In Otindag Sandy Land, the deposition of PM10 changed the physicochemical properties of biological crusr and provided abundant nutrients. By comparing the east-west belt transect, the soil pH, electrical conductivity, and nitrate nitrogen of the biological soil crust in the west belt which is higher deposition flux of PM10 were significantly higher than those in the east belt (except fpr ammonium nitrogen). There are no significant differences in the chemical properties of the following soil layers. The deposition of PM10 also had significant effects on the content of most elements in the biological crusts of eastern and western belts: the contents of Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Ti are significantly higher in the west belt than in the east belt, while the content of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the east belt was significantly higher than that of the western belt. The deposition of PM10 provides Al, K, Pb, and Zn elements for bryophytes, while Fe and Ca were provided by soil. |
| 中文关键词 | 干旱亚洲 ; MODIS AOD ; PM10沉降通量 ; 时空分布 ; 生态环境效应 |
| 英文关键词 | MODIS AOD PM10 deposition flux spatiotemporal ecological effects |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288078 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 焦琳琳. 干旱亚洲大气颗粒物的时空变化及其生态环境效应[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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