Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 黑河下游额济纳三角洲生态耗水及生态输水利用效率定量研究 | |
| 其他题名 | The Quantification of Ecological Water Consumption of Ejina Delta in the Lower Reaches of Heihe River and Water Use Efficiency of the Heihe Ecological Water Conveyance Project |
| 刘啸 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 于静洁 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 蒸散发很大程度上决定了干旱区水量收支状况，是水文循环过程中的关键环节。定量自然景观蒸散发导致的生态耗水在干旱区水循环过程和水资源管理研究中具有重要意义。额济纳三角洲位于黑河下游的极端干旱区，沿河发育的绿洲是我国西北和华北地区重要的生态保护屏障，但水资源禀赋差、利用效率低导致了水资源短缺，进而引发了地下水位降低、绿洲植被退化、湖泊萎缩等严峻的生态环境问题。始于2000年的黑河生态输水工程为下游三角洲提供水量补给，至今已取得显著的生态修复成效。但与此同时，黑河生态输水涉及流域有限水资源的人为分配，加剧了流域上、中、下游水资源的供需矛盾。为了有效缓解这一矛盾，黑河生态输水方案优化、流域水资源科学管理和高效利用的现实意义显得尤为重要。论文以额济纳三角洲为研究区，结合自水面蒸发原位观测及模型模拟，通过定量自然水体水面蒸发确定了区域潜在蒸散发（大气蒸发力）参考真值；根据水分耗散和补给特征，结合NDVI阈值和野外植被调查验证，划分了研究区主要自然景观；根据自然景观的蒸散耗水特点，分别针对性地选择了阿维里扬诺夫潜水蒸发公式、改进的河岸绿洲植被蒸散估算模型、自建的水面蒸发经验模型定量了3类自然景观的生态耗水；基于广义资源利用效率的定义，以黑河生态输水的保护目标为依据，构建了生态输水利用效率评价模型，并评价了2004-2015年的利用效率；基于自然景观生态耗水的特点，以及生态输水-地下水-景观生态耗水的关系，给出了黑河生态输水时空分配方案的优化建议。主要研究结论如下：（1）基于自然水体水面蒸发原位观测结果，额济纳三角洲潜在蒸散发（大气蒸发力）为1486mm。2013-2016年4-9月的观测期内，日水面蒸发量为6.5mm/天，观测期总蒸发量年平均值为1183mm。基于模型估算结果，2002-2015年自然水体年平均蒸发量为1480.2mm，且呈现0.59mm/yr的增加趋势；4-9月水面蒸发剧烈，蒸发量平均值为1233.3mm，占全年蒸发量的比例超过了83%。（2）研究区主要的3类自然生态景观为荒漠戈壁、河岸绿洲和水域，三者总面积占研究区面积的98.5%。设置NDVI阈值（0.075）划分了河岸绿洲和荒漠戈壁的范围，2004-2015年河岸绿洲面积累计增长了502 km2，年均增长率为2.6%。其中，河岸绿洲恢复较快的是2005-2012年， 2013-2015年绿洲面积趋于稳定，绿洲恢复成效显著。（3）2004-2015年研究区平均年生态耗水量7.79亿m3。其中，荒漠戈壁的年生态耗水最大，平均值为4.35亿m3，河岸绿洲次之，平均值为2.75亿m3，水域的最小，平均值为0.69亿m3，分别占总生态耗水量的56%、35%、9%。2004-2015年荒漠戈壁区累计无效生态耗水量为52.21亿m3，占同期生态输水总量（71.26亿m3）的73.6%，生态输水存在被无效消耗、浪费的情况。同时，3种自然景观生态耗水年内分布不均匀，主要集中在4-9月，占全年总耗水量的比例均在78%以上。 （4）2004-2015年黑河生态输水利用效率年平均值为30.4%，仅为此模型的理论上限60.5%的约一半，输水利用效率的优化提升空间还很大。2004-2015年，利用效率整体呈增大的趋势，在2013年达到最大值39.5%；2012-2015年是输水利用效率稳步增长的阶段，生态输水的成效也在此时段内趋于明显。（5）为使得地下水涵养、绿洲恢复及维持东居延海形态规模都高效率进行，适宜的年生态输水量为6.11亿m3；保证东居延海水量收支平衡的现阶段适宜湖面面积为43.9 km2，相应的年入湖补给量为0.54亿m3。生态输水年内时空优化配置策略是：①在9月末至次年4月末进行持续、稳定的输水；②在较好协调流域中上游用水需求及水库科学联合调度的前提下，在植被生长初期（展叶期）进行直达绿洲核心区的高脉冲式输水；③10月-次年4月严格按湖泊需水分次补给。在上述输水优化方案情景下，生态输水利用效率为52.3%，是2004-2015年平均值的1.75倍。生态输水方案的优化提高了水资源利用效率，并节约了干旱区宝贵的水资源。论文研究结果可为黑河流域水资源科学管理和高效利用提供决策建议，并可为流域最严格水资源管理实践提供典型案例参考。 |
| 英文摘要 | Evaporation is a key process in hydrogical cycle and determines the water budget in arid region to a great extent. The quantification of natural landscapes’ evapotranspiration is quite significant in hydrological cycle research and water resources management in arid region. Ejina Delta is located in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin and is a typical hyper-arid region, and the oasis along the river is an important ecological protection barrier for northwest and north China. In recent years, severe ecological problems arose sharply, such as ground water table decline, desertification, degradation and lake shrinkage, due to water shortage. The Heihe Ecological Water Conveyance Project (EWCP) was launched to provide water supply to restore ecological system in the lower reaches from 2000 and received satisfying ecological restoration effects. Meanwhile, the allocation of available water resources in Heihe River Basin is also involved in EWCP, worsening the sharp contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the whole basin. To ease the issue, the practical significance of optimization of EWCP’s allocation scheme and scientific water resource management and high water use efficiency is stressed in this region.The study area is Ejina Delta. The open water evaporation was quantified through in-situ measurement and modeling, in order to obtain regional potential evapotranspiration (PET). The major natural ecological landscapes were classified according to the characteristics of moisture dissipation and recharge pattern, as well as the NDVI threshold. By chooosing the Aviriyanover formula for estimating groundwater ET, improved oasis ET model and the open water evaporation model, according to the characteristics of each landscape, we quantified the ecological water loss respectively. Based on the definition of generalized resource use efficiency, a Heihe Ecological Conveyance Water Resource Evaluation Model (HECWREM) was set up. The efficiency was evaluated during 2004-2015 with the model. By analyzing results on the relationships among total amount of conveyed ecological water, groundwater storage change and ET of each ecological landscape, we gave suggestions on the optimization of the allocation scheme of EWCP. The results are as follows. (1) The maximum, minimum, average annual lake evaporation were 1510.7mm、1419.7mm、1480.2mm during 2004-2015, respectively, showing an increasing trend of 0.59mm/yr. The measured mean annual open water evaporation during 2013-2016 was 1486mm and can be used to represent the regional PET with validated good reliability. (2) The three natural ecological landscapes of the study area were bare land, oasis and water, occupying 98.5% of the whole study area. With the NDVI threshold of 0.075, the distribution area of bare land and oasis during 2004-2015 was further divided and was validated by field quadrat survey. The results showed an increase of 502 km2 during 2004-2015 with annual increasing portion of 2.6%, while the fast increasing period was between 2005 and 2012, and the area of oasis became relatively stable during 2013 and 2015, showing remarkable oasis restoration effects.(3) The quantification of the water consumed by evapotranspiration in each ecological landscape during 2004-2015 showed that bare land consumed the largest amount of water through evapotranspiration, with an annual ET of 0.435 billion m3 of water, oasis consumed 0.275 billion m3 and water consumed 69 million m3, occupying a portion of 56%, 35% and 9% to the total regional ET water loss, respectively. Moreover, evapotranspiraiton was mainly occurred during April to September, with a portion of above 78% for each landscape. (4) The mean water use efficiency in EWCP during 2004-2015 was 30.4%, which was half of the theoretical upper-limit (60.5%). According to the evaluation results, water use efficiency in EWCP showed a general increasing trend during the process, while a steady increasing stage occurred during 2012-2015 and the obvious effect of EWCP appeared during this period, too. (5) The suggestions on the optimization of the EWCP’s scheme showed that, in order to keep the ecological restoration processing efficiently, the appropriate annual ecological water conveyed into the study area was 0.611 billion m3. It also suggested that the appropriate target area of East Juyan Lake was 43.9 km2 according to a balanced water budget of the lake, and corresponding water inflow was 54 million m3. Meanwhile, the optimized water resources allocation strategy of EWCP was: ① maintaining stable runoff during late September to Apirl the next year; ② by coordinating water demond with the whole basin and multi-reservoir operating, anticipating high pulse runoff to the core of the oasis in the study area during the leafing phase; ③giving divided yet total amount controlled ecological runoff to the East Juyan Lake. By optimizing the EWCP’ allocation scheme, water for ecological restoration was saved and the water use efficiency was improved as well, easing the sharp water requirement contradiction in the whole Heihe River Basin. The results of this research can offer scientific suggestions for water resources management in Heihe River Basin in future policy-making practice, and serve as a typical case for effective water use efficiency management and the Strictest Water Resources Management Practice in arid region. |
| 中文关键词 | 额济纳三角洲 ; 自然生态景观 ; 生态耗水量 ; 生态输水利用效率 ; 水资源高效利用 |
| 英文关键词 | Ejina Delta ecological natural landscape the amount of ecological water consumption water use efficiency in the EWCP scientific water resources management practice. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288076 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 刘啸. 黑河下游额济纳三角洲生态耗水及生态输水利用效率定量研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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