Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 城市空间形态紧凑性的环境效应研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Study on the environmental effects of urban spatial compactness |
| 贾玉秋 | |
| 出版年 | 2018 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 刘元波 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 针对中国如何发展紧凑城市，已开展了大量的城市紧凑性评价研究。其中，空间形态的紧凑性是评价体系当中很重要的一个方面。城市空间形态与交通出行模式、热岛效应、碳排放、植被多样性已被证实存在密切联系，但是中国城市的形态效应研究并不充分。本文对中国城市空间形态紧凑性进行度量，分析中国城市的空间形态特征。进一步将空间形态指标与城市公共基础设施、生态协同、NO2排放量等环境因子结合，通过统计分析方法、数据包络分析探索中国城市空间形态的环境效应，揭示城市空间形态对环境问题的影响机制，对城市规划、环境保护、提供实证与启示。以下是本文的主要研究结果：1、构建了标准化城市离散度指数NDIS，通过6个情境分析NDIS的优缺点，认为NDIS不受城市面积规模的影响。以城市斑块的距离为参数，城市建设用地的空间尺度对NDIS值影响较小，数值比较稳定。对于城市而言，NDIS具有唯一值，利于城市紧凑度的横向和纵向比较。NDIS值越大，城市越离散，与NCI形成互补。2、通过相关性分析、因子分析、聚类分析对17个形态指标进行分析筛选，城市形态的紧凑度和形状指数可选指标包括标准化紧凑度指数NCI、标准化离散度指数NDIS、景观形状指数LSI、最大斑块指数LPI、平均形状指数SHAPE_MN、周长-面积分形维数PAFRAC。146座城市的NCI值最高为0.39，最低为0.05；NDIS值最高值为1.86，最低值为1.12。样本中接近3/4的城市处于中等以上的紧凑水平，4/5的城市形状复杂性偏低。3、在12个城市公共设施、生态协同因子中，与城市空间形态密切相关的因子包含了人均城市道路面积、供水管密度、排水管密度、路网平均节点度、万人拥有公交车辆、万人拥有出租车辆、人均公园绿地面积等7个指标。其中，NDIS与平均节点度、万人拥有公交车辆的相关系数r分别是-0.32、-0.23。公交系统效率、建成区绿化覆盖率、生活垃圾处理率、污水处理率与城市形态指标不存在显著相关。综合环境因子与LSI相关系数r=0.43。4、对于负外部性环境因子NO2，多元逐步回归分析社会经济指标、环境因子指标、形态指标、用地多样性等对NO2排放量的贡献率发现，贡献率最高的是平均节点度的43.2%。公交系统效率达到10.3%，其他指标包含了LSI、人均道路面积、NCI。说明除了城市交通，城市的形态紧凑性与形状复杂性对NO2排放存在间接的影响。城市紧凑度越高，形状越复杂，NO2排放风险越高。5、利用数据包络分析方法对城市空间形态与环境因子的有效性进行评价。在供水管密度、排水管密度、人均城市道路面积、路网平均节点度、万人拥有公交车辆、万人拥有出租车辆、人均公园绿地面积等7个指标中，只有路网平均节点度的有效值最高。其他指标与有效的目标值存在较大的距离，尤其直辖市、省会及计划单列市等基础设施人均占有量偏低的城市，环境因子与空间形态匹配度低。综合环境因子的效率分析同样证明形状复杂性较低的城市具有较高的效率。6、多层次的差异分析表明，城市越紧凑，交通越发达；城市形状越复杂，环境投入越大。其中，长江中下游地区及珠江三角洲地区是中国城市化最为发达的地区，城市形状复杂度高，环境投入高；干旱半干旱区与黄淮海冬小麦主产区的城市紧凑度最高。城市规模越大，紧凑度越高，形状越复杂。城市空间越紧凑、形状复杂度越低，资源环境越是节约。目前，中国城市的紧凑性具有较大的区域差异和规模差异。针对空间形态与环境因子的匹配程度不高的大部分城市，需要进行空间调整或者增加生态环境投入。 |
| 英文摘要 | In the view of how to develop compact cities in China, a large number of urban compactness evaluation studies have been carried out. Among them, the compact spatial form is a very important aspect of the evaluation system. The urban spatial form has been closely related to the travel mode, the heat island effect, the carbon emissions and the vegetation diversity. However, the research on the morphological effects of Chinese cities is not enough. In this paper, the compactness of urban spatial form in China is measured, and the spatial morphological characteristics of Chinese cities are analyzed. Combining spatial form indexes with environmental factors including public facilities, ecological synergy factors and NO2 emissions, through statistical analysis, data envelopment analysis to explore environmental effects of spatial form of Chinese cities, reveals the mechanism of city spatial form of environmental problems, and provide empirical implications for the city planning environmental protection. The main results of this paper are as follows:1. The normalized dispersion index NDIS is constructed, and the applicability of NDIS is analyzed through 6 situations. With the distance of urban patches as the parameters, the spatial scale of urban construction land has little influence on the NDIS value, and the numerical value is more stable. For the city, NDIS has a unique value, which is beneficial to the horizontal and vertical comparison of urban compactness. The greater the NDIS value is, the more discrete the city, and the NDIS value is a complementation with the normalized compactness index NCI.2. Through correlation analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis, the 17 morphological indexes are analyzed and screened. The selection indexes of urban compactness and shape index include normalized compactness index NCI, normalized dispersion index NDIS, landscape shape index LSI, largest patch index LPI, mean shape index SHAPE_MN, and perimeter-area fractal dimension PAFRAC. The highest NCI value of 146 cities is 0.39, the lowest is 0.05, the highest value of NDIS value is 1.86 and the minimum value is 1.12. In the samples, the cities close to 3/4 are above the middle level of compactness, and the urban form of 4/5 is low in complexity.3. Among the 12 public facilities and ecological synergy factors, indexes closely related with the city spatial form included per capita urban road area, the density of water supply pipe, the density of drainage pipe, the mean nodal degree, bus vehicles for per ten thousand people, taxis for ten thousand people, per capita park green area. NDIS has a significant negative correlation with the average nodal degree and public transport for per ten thousand people, and the correlation coefficients r is -0.32 and -0.23, respectively. There is no significant correlation between the efficiency of the public transport system, the green coverage rate in the built-up area, the treatment rate of domestic waste, the rate of sewage treatment and the urban morphological indexes. Comprehensive environmental factors and LSI has a correlation coefficient 0.43.4. Stepwise regression analysis was used to calculate contribution rate among social and economic indicators, environmental indicators, morphological index, land use diversity on NO2 emission. The highest contribution rate is the mean nodal degree of 43.2%, bus system efficiency is 10.3%, the other indexes including LSI, NCI, road area per capita. In addition to the impact of traffic on NO2 emissions, the compact form of the city is an important factor in the NO2 emission. The higher the city compactness and the more complex the shape is, the higher NO2 emission risk.5. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of urban spatial morphology and environmental factors. In terms of per capita urban road area, water supply pipe density, drainage pipe density, mean nodal degree of road network, the number of buses and rental cars owned by ten thousand people, per capita park green area, only the mean nodal value of road network has the highest effective value. There is still a large distance between the above indicators and the effective target values. Especially, the municipalities directly under the central government, the provincial capital and cities with separate planning are not matched with the spatial factors of the urban environmental factors with low per capita occupancy. The efficiency of comprehensive environmental factor analysis also proves that cities of lower shape-complexity has higher efficiency.6. Multi-level difference analysis shows that the more compact the city is, the more developed the traffic is. In addition, the more complex the urban form, the greater the environmental input. Among them, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta are the most developed regions in China with high urban shape-complexity and high environmental input, and the urban compact degree of the arid and semi-arid areas and the Huang-Huai-Hai winter wheat production areas is the highest. The larger the city scale, the higher the compactness, the more complex the shape.The more compact the urban space, and the lower the shape-complexity, the more economical the resources and environment would be. At present, the compactness of Chinese cities has large regional differences and scale differences. For most cities with low matching degree between spatial form and environmental factors, spatial adjustment or an increase of ecological input is essential. |
| 中文关键词 | 城市空间形态 ; 标准化紧凑度指数NCI ; 标准化离散度指数NDIS ; 数据包络分析 ; 环境效应 |
| 英文关键词 | urban spatial form normalized compactness index (NCI) normalized dispersion index (NDIS) data envelopment analysis environmental effect |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288062 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 贾玉秋. 城市空间形态紧凑性的环境效应研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2018. |
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