Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
气候变化与人类活动对阿姆河流域水资源及咸海退缩的影响研究 | |
其他题名 | Impacts of claimate change and human activities on water resources of the Amu Darya River Basin and the shrinkage of the Aral Sea |
阿也提古丽·斯迪克 | |
出版年 | 2017 |
学位类型 | 博士 |
导师 | 陈曦 |
学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
中文摘要 | 气候变化与人类活动的影响研究是目前流域水文水资源演变规律研究的两大课题。特别是对于全球变化较敏感的干旱、半干旱区域,气候变化与人类活动对水文水资源的影响比较显著。作为气候系统的重要组成部分,水循环系统与水资源的时空变化必然会受到气候变化的影响。人类活动一方面通过,改变土地利用/土地覆被,改变流域下垫面,破坏了流域天然的产汇流机制影响流域水资源的时空变化;另一方面通过工农业用水或跨流域调水等活动直接改变流域水资源的时空分布特征。过去和现在的观测数据显示,中亚的气温以1-2℃/100年的速度升高,年降水量变化没有明显的趋势。气候变化导致天山和帕米尔山的冰川退缩,阿姆河和锡尔河的径流量减小,严重影响了咸海流域的可持续发展。况且1960年的以后的的土地开发增加了灌溉用水量,导致流入咸海的水量减少,到目前为止使咸海丧失了90%的水域面积。因此量化分析气候变化和人类活对阿姆河水文过程及咸海退缩的影响对理解阿姆河流域水资源的变化规律及其与咸海变化的关系,水资源的有效管理及可持续发展具有重要意义。本文根据阿姆河流域的水文水资源特征,水利设施基本情况和土地资源开发利用现状和气象要素的变化情况,全面分析了阿姆河整个流域的水文气象要素的变化趋势及它们之间的关系,阿姆河流域的耗水过程,水资源量、耗水量、灌区面积变化和咸海变化的关系。通过对现有的栅格气象数据的精度评价选取精度较高的气象数据构建SWAT模型,模拟分析了气候变化和人类活动,特别是灌溉农业用水量和灌溉水利用效率对流域水资源和咸海退缩的影响。本文的研究成果如下:1)阿姆河上游的径流量变化趋势主要与上游气象要素的变化相关。降水量和径流量从19世纪50年代到70年代初减少,从70年代初到90年代末增大,2000年以后开始减少。气温具有增长趋势,从1990年开始气温变化更显著。气温和降水量的突变点分别在90年代初和90年代末。中下游的径流量变化主要与土地资源开发和修建水利设施,农业灌溉用水等人类活动相关,受气候变化的影响很小。中游和下游的径流量的突变点在60年代末和70年代初。而研究区的土地资源开发从1960年开始,从1970年到1990年灌区面积迅速增长,1990年以后缓慢增长。2)由于阿姆河中下游水量的净损失大约占总损失量的90%,本文着重于分析中下游的耗水过程。阿姆河中下游的耗水量从70年代开始迅速增长,2000年以后有所减少。1982、1986、2000、2001、2008年几乎耗尽了上游的来水量。分段耗水量分析结果表明,阿姆河中下游的耗水量中下游的耗水量占60%以上,中游和下游的耗水量变化趋势基本一致。下游的耗水量受河流水量丰枯变化的影响大于中游。阿姆河中下游的灌溉面积从1970年开始迅速增长,1990年的面积约等于1970年的2倍。 1990年以后灌区面积缓慢增长2000年由于缺水14%耕地弃耕。虽然2010年的灌区面积在1990年的基础上增长了29%,耗水量却减少了7%。这主要是因为单位面积灌溉水量的减少,灌溉定额从1970年的26538 m3/ha/年减少到2010年的14243 m3/ha/年。3)阿姆河上游来水量、中下游耗水量、灌区面积及咸海的变化趋势分析结果表明咸海退缩的主要原因是以灌溉农业为主的人类活动而不是气候变化。咸海的水量从1970年以后迅速减少,2000年的水量只占1950年水量的10%。中下游的径流量从1970年开始迅速减少而上游水量具有增长趋势。这与灌溉农业的发展区是一本一致。5)精度评价结果显示亚洲的APHRODITE 降水量数据,普林斯顿大学的PGMFD数据和CRUNCEP数据的降水数据中APHRODITE精度最高。PGMFD和CRUNCEP的最高、最低气温数据中PGMFD的精度较高。6)根据基于SWAT模型的阿姆河上游气候变化对径流量的影响研究结果显示,阿姆河上游的历史径流量具有微弱的增长趋势;径流量在GCMs的最低排放情景下2021-2060年在基准期1965-2004年的基础上增长了2%;洪峰在历史时期和未来气候变化情景下都具有显著的减少趋势。在未来气候变化情景下洪峰出现时间提前了一个月。7)阿姆河中下游的模拟结果显示,阿姆河下游受到上游来水量的影响大于阿姆河中游(从基准期到1973-1992年的影响量分别为-148.58和-170.14亿立方米)。气候变化对阿姆河中游和下游流量的贡献都为正值,而且这种影响从70年代到现在逐渐减弱。从基准期到1972-1991人类活动对阿姆河中游和下游的贡献量分别为-31.24亿和-13.27亿立方米。基准期到1992-2010年人类活动对阿姆河中游和下游的影响量分别为10.73和11.04亿立方米。阿姆河中游、下游在1972-1991和1992-2010两个时间段的灌溉影响量分别为83.29和62.26亿立方米,146.00和172.40亿立方米。在3种灌溉效率提高情景对下游的影响大于中游。1972-1991年提高灌溉效率对中游的影响大于1992-2010年的影响,说明1976-1991年中游受灌溉水量的影响大于1992-2010年。对于下游,1992-2010年的影响大于1976-1991年的影响。这主要是因为下游的灌溉人类活动对径流量的影响大于中游。通过上述研究可以深入了解,气候变化和人类活动对阿姆河流域水文水资源及咸海退缩的影响规律及未来的变化趋势,可为阿姆河流域的水资源管理,土地资源管理和生态环境保护提供理论依据。 |
英文摘要 | The impact of climate change and human activities on the hydrological processes is the main topic in research of water resources and hydrological processes of the watershed, especially in the arid and semi-arid regoins, which very sensitive to climate change and human activities. The main objectives of this research are as follows: 1) analyze the relationships between the hydrological and meteorological factors in the Amu Darya River Basin and find out the main driving factors impacting on the hydrological processes of the river flow in the diferent sections of the river; 2) anlyze the annual and seasonal change of the river flow and water losses caused by nature and human acitivities in the different sections of the river; analyze the relationship between the water losses and the irrigated area and irrigated water amount in the study area; find out the relationship between the river flow of the upstream, water losses, the change of irrigated area and irrigated norm gross and the shrinkage of the Aral Sea; 3) quantitatively analyze the impacts of climate change and human activities on the upstream, middle and down stream of the Amu Darya River using distributed hydrological model (SWAT) Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The main conclusions in this research as follows: 1) the main impact factor in the umstream of the river is climate change, while the main impact factor in the middle stream is human activities; the river runoff of the Amu Darya River in the upstream has an decreasing trend in the period of 1950-1970 after 2000 while it has an increasing trend in the period of 1970-1999; the river runoff of the middle and down stream has a sharply decreasing trend from the early 1970s; the trend of river runoff in the upstream is highly correlated with the trend of the precipitation of the upstream while the trend of river runoff is highly correlated with the trend of the irrigated area in the middle and down stream of the river. 2) water losses in the middle and down stream of the Amu Darya River account for 90% of the river basin and the percentage of the water losses in the down stream is 60% in the water losses in the middle and downstream of the Amu Darya River; the water losses in the middle and down stream was sharply increased after 1970, which is caused by the over exploitation of water for irrigated agriculture started to increase from 1970 and almost used up the water coming from the Amu Darya River in 1982, 1986, 2000, 2001 and 2008. The total water intake of the Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan is almost the same in the period of 1991-2015 in the middle and down stream, while the irrigation norm of the Turkmenistan is highier than the Uzbekistan. 3) water losses in the middle and down stream of the Amu Darya River closely related to the change of the irrigated area in the middle and down stream in the Amu Darya River; 4) the results of the analyses on the relation ship between the riverflow, water losses, irrigated are and shrinkage of the Aral Sea indicated that, the most importand driving factor of the shrinkage of the Aral Sea is human activities; 5) the most accurate and suitable meteorological data for hydrological modeling in the study area are the precipitation data of PGMFD and maximum and minimum temperature of the PGMFD dataset; 6) the results of the climate change impacts analyses on the river flow of the Amu Darya River indicated that the total flow of the river has a weak increasing trend under the climate change while the peak flow has a decreasing trend. The time of the peak flow occurred shifted one month forward under the climate change in the period of 2021-2060. 7)The impact of upstream water flow to the river runoff in the down stream was greater than in the midlle stream.The impacts of climate change on the river runoff are positive and the contributions of climate change on the river runoff change are decreasing.The impact of irrigation water to the river runoff of the middle stream in 1972-1991 and 1992-2010 are 8.33 km3 and 6.23 km3 while the impacts of the runoff in the down stream are 14.60 km3 and 17.24 km3. The impacts of three improved irrigation efficiency scenarios on the down stream are highier than middle stream. The impact of improved irrigation scenarios in 1976-1991 is highier than 1992-2010, while, the impacts on the down stream in 1992-2010 are highier than 1976-1991.The impacts of changing climate change and the human activities on the water resouces of the Amu Darya River Basin and the shrinkage of the Aral Sea were completely understood by this study. We hope this can provide theoretical basises for the government in the study region for sustainable water, land resources management. |
中文关键词 | 气候变化 ; 人类活动 ; SWAT模型 ; 流域水资源 ; 耗水过程 ; 灌区面积变化 ; 咸海退缩 |
英文关键词 | Climate change Human activities SWAT model Water losses Changing of irrigated area Shrinkage of the aral sea |
语种 | 中文 |
国家 | 中国 |
来源学科分类 | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
资源类型 | 学位论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288024 |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 阿也提古丽·斯迪克. 气候变化与人类活动对阿姆河流域水资源及咸海退缩的影响研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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