Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 三工河流域土地开发利用中的无机碳汇强度模拟 | |
| 其他题名 | The simulation of inorganic carbon sinks intensity under the process of land development in the Sangong River watershed |
| 邓彩云 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 王玉刚 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 全球气候变暖已对大范围的生物生态过程产生了影响，因而寻求生物和非生物途径减少温室气体排放，以减缓全球气候变化为首要任务。陆地生态系统碳平衡在全球变化中起着至关重要的作用，并且土地利用变化是人类活动对生态系统碳循环的直接影响因素之一。因此，在全球变化背景下，认识人为活动作用引起的碳源汇作用是增汇减排的必要途径。另外，准确估算区域无机碳汇的数量依然是当前碳循环的一个重点内容。干旱区无机碳循环在缓解大气CO2升高过程中具有重要作用，在当前全球碳循环过程中的贡献日益显著。水循环过程中碳的聚积是当前乃至今后寻求迷失碳汇的一个重点方向。然而，干旱区水资源耗散的特殊性与土地开发利用进程中可溶性无机碳汇效应，却一直被忽略。因此，正视和有效评估绿洲开发利用进程对区域生态环境的改善作用，有助于全面认识人为活动对区域景观格局与生态过程的影响机制，促进干旱区土地的高效利用与碳减排规划的制定。本研究以干旱区典型内陆河流域——三工河流域为研究对象，结合土地开发利用进程中的淋溶灌溉原位和模拟实验数据结果，同时基于遥感影像、土地利用和水资源特征联合田间调查，获得区域土地利用和灌溉景观灌水量特征，综合以上要素，量化并模拟了该区域在土地开发利用过程中的无机碳汇强度。结果表明：（1）三工河流域是一个以绿洲农业景观为主导的区域，尤其是农田景观。绿洲农田区的开发演变趋势为沿河流上游向下游扩张，中心向四周扩张。1958-2015年期间，区域长期土地利用变化主要为景观的破碎化和多样性的增加。无论是时间还是空间上，持续的土地利用变化导致55%土地发生景观间的转变。总体表现为草地和灌木林地的减少和耕地面积的增加。草地被开垦为耕地的面积达19627 ha，同时灌木林地被开垦为耕地的面积达2223 ha。阜北区域，耕地面积的扩张呈现“增大—维持平衡—增大”的趋势。耕地增加主要来自于西南部和东部的草地和灌木林。整体上，1968年耕地面积占灌区总面积的30%，到2015年增加到了56.2%，耕地面积增加了一倍。人为活动是主导区域农业景观格局分布的要素，同时以社会经济作用为驱动的土地开发是绿洲土地利用转变的驱动力。（2）不同作物间，灌溉淋溶无机碳的含量和强度不同。在漫灌条件下，不同作物淋溶无机碳的含量为：ρ退耕林<ρ菜地<ρ玉米<ρ瓜类<ρ大葵<ρ棉花<ρ小麦<ρ水稻<ρ油料；其强度为：棉花地（22.47±5.3 g C m-2yr-1）>玉米地（19.06±1.0 g C m-2yr-1），果园（17.89±1.24 g C m-2yr-1），苗圃（17.15±1.19 g C m-2yr-1），冬麦（16.94±1.21 g C m-2yr-1）>制种瓜地（13.31±0.06 g C m-2yr-1）>林带>菜地和水稻田（9.9±0.59 g C m-2yr-1）>瓜地>春麦地>油料地（4.6±0.14 g C m-2yr-1）（P<0.05）。在滴灌条件下，不同作物淋溶无机碳的含量为：ρ菜地<ρ玉米<ρ瓜类<ρ退耕林<ρ大葵<ρ棉花<ρ小麦<ρ水稻<ρ油料；果园和苗圃淋溶无机碳强度最大，玉米地和瓜地的淋溶无机碳汇量最小。（3）阜北灌区1961—2015年淋溶无机碳汇强度介于9.1~25.8 g C m-2yr-1，平均值为14.03 g C m-2yr-1。且随着土地开发利用进程的推进，灌区无机碳汇强度呈先增加后减小的变化趋势，其中，灌区最大无机碳汇强度是最小无机碳汇强度的3倍。1961-2015年间，区域淋溶无机碳年总量增加了近3倍，其中1961年最小，为392 T C yr-1，在2009年最大，为1275T C yr-1，总体呈现增加趋势。三工河流域多年平均无机碳汇强度为20.1 g C m-2yr-1，流域多年平均总无机碳汇量为4722 t C yr-1。尽管节水灌溉在一定程度上影响了年碳汇数量的下降，但由于节水的实施使得灌溉土地面积的扩大，随洗盐作用，在一定程度上促进了淋溶无机碳的数量。（4）气象因素、灌溉制度、作物种植结构和土地开垦年限等相互作用影响了淋溶无机碳汇强度。当节水灌溉实施后，相比较大水漫灌，淋溶液的体积减小，由此导致淋溶无机碳强度的下降。节水灌溉措施使得区域无机碳汇强度减小，漫灌条件下的淋溶无机碳汇明显高于滴灌条件。在水资源数量一定的条件下,若调整种植结构，高新节水面积达（92%），则流域无机碳汇强度可达21.2 g C m-2yr-1，区域无机碳汇总量可达7160 t C。总得来说，干旱区农业土地开发利用过程中依然有可观的无机碳汇数量。 |
| 英文摘要 | It is a major factor that the influence of global climate change has caused the change of biological and ecological processes in the large region. Thus, attempts to limit climate change by abiotic and biotic factors to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere would be considered a primary objective. The role of terrestrial ecosystems as sources and sinks of C has played a crucial function on the global climate. Changes in land use are among the main human activities affecting the ecosystem carbon cycle as one of the main causes of its change. Obviously, it is essential to understand human activities affecting the carbon source and sink to release the increasing of temperature in relation to the global climate change. Accurately quantitative estimation of regional inorganic carbon sink is one of main topic in studies of global carbon cycle. Inorganic carbon cycle in soil plays an important role in reducing the increasing CO2 of the atmosphere in the arid area, and soil inorganic carbon is increasingly significant contribution to global carbon cycle. Now and next long time, it seeks carbon accumulation in the process of water cycle as one part of “missing sink”. But, inorganic carbon sink as dissolved part is a long-been-neglected phenomenon of the transfer and sequestration of dissolved inorganic carbon in the process of oasis development because of specific water resource consumption of inland river in arid zone. So, the knowledge of the process and spatial changes of land use can be give scientific strategies to ameliorate ecological environment, and help to understand the mechanism of human activities affecting on land use and ecological process, then to improve land management and the carbon migration.This study was conducted to quantify the contribution of land use in arid areas to regional carbon cycle in a typical inland river watershed, named Sangong River watershed in arid of the northwest of China, based on the data of simulated irrigation of soil columns and collected leaching solutions at irrigated landscapes in the process of land reclamation and utilization in the study area. Furthermore, land use change and amount of water consumed in irrigated landscape types were analyzed based on data from remote sensing image, land use, and water resources combined with field investigation. The results showed the following: (1). Oasis agricultural landscape, especially farmland dominates the region of Sangong River watershed, exploitation of land resources in area of becoming irrigated farmland expanded was from upper to lower of the watershed, and from middle to around of it. Land-use change was mainly characterized by the increasing multiplicity and fragmentation from 1958 to 2015. There have been persistent changes both spatially and temporally, resulting in 55% of the total area experiencing transitional changes among the land cover types. The general trend observed in the study area implies a loss of grassland and shrub land cover and an increase in cultivated areas. Area of the conversion from grassland and shrub land to farmland was 19627 ha and 2223 ha during 1958 – 2015, separately. In the Fubei region, land had experienced dramatic land exploitation, and area of the increased farmland is from lands in the southwest and east of grassland and shrub land. The area of becoming farmland expanded has been in ‘increasing-maintain stable-increasing’ trend since 1960. Area of farmland was only 30% of the fubei region in 1968, but was 56.2% in 2015, approximately 1 time by the increased area in this period. Human activities have become a dominant factor shaping distribution of agricultural land-use pattern. Land exploitation as socioeconomic processes are the major divers for land-use change. (2) The values of leaching inorganic carbon content and sink intensity are significantly difference under various cropland types in changes of irrigated condition. In flood irrigated condition, dissolved inorganic carbon content: planted forest < vegetable land< corn land< melon land < sunflower land < cotton land< wheat land< rice land< oil plant land；the values of leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity for various cropland types: cotton land (22 g C m-2yr-1) > corn land (19 g C m-2yr-1) , orchard land (18 g C m-2yr-1), forest nurseries land (17 g C m-2yr-1), winter wheat land (17 g C m-2yr-1), > melon land (13 g C m-2yr-1) > planted forest belt land (10 g C m-2yr-1) , rice land (10 g C m-2yr-1) > oil plant land (5 g C m-2yr-1). In drip irrigated condition, dissolved inorganic carbon content: vegetable land < corn land< melon land< planted forest < sunflower land< cotton land< wheat land< rice land < oil plant land. Values of orchard land and forest nurseries land was highest in all crop land types, but lowest values in corn land and melon land. (3) The mean value of leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity was 14 g C m-2yr-1, with a range of 9 to 26 g C m-2yr-1 (about 3 times for maximum value than minimum value) in Fubei farmland during 1961-2015, and there is a clear firstly increased then decreased trend of leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity in the process of long-term agricultural land use. The amount of annual leaching inorganic carbon was increased by about 4 times from 1961 to 2015, and is lowest in 1961 among all estimation of times, about 392 T C yr-1, but was highest in 2009, about 1275 T C yr-1. In the spatial of watershed, the sink intensity and amount of annual leaching inorganic carbon were 20.1 g C m-2yr-1 and 4722 t C yr-1in the process of land irrigation during 1958-2015. Land irrigation with water-saving plan has affected the amount of leaching inorganic carbon with a decreased tread, but irrigated land expand by water-saving plan improve the amount of leaching inorganic carbon because of washing salt iron in soil. (4) Leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity was influenced by different factors interaction such as meteorological factors, irrigation plan, crop types, and land use history. Volume of leaching solution was decreased in water-saving irrigation than that in flood irrigation. So, leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity was lower in drip irrigated condition than that in flood irrigated condition. In limited volume of water resource condition, crop types by adjusted plant structure would significantly increase leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity and amount. When area of water-saving irrigated land is 92% in irrigated land, leaching inorganic carbon sink intensity and amount would be 21.2 g C m-2yr-1 and 7160 t C in the Sangong River watershed separately. In general, the amount of leaching inorganic carbon was still ‘notable amount’ in the process of arid land development and utilization. |
| 中文关键词 | 土地开发利用 ; 灌溉淋溶 ; 无机碳汇强度 ; 节水灌溉措施 ; 影响要素 |
| 英文关键词 | Land reclamation and land use Irrigation leaching Irrigation carbon sink intensity Drip irrigation policy Influence elements |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/288011 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 邓彩云. 三工河流域土地开发利用中的无机碳汇强度模拟[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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