Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 生态政策驱动下的农户生态环境变化适应性研究 ——以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例 | |
| 其他题名 | Study on the Farmers’ Adaptability to Eco-environment Change Driven by Ecological Policy: A Case of Hangjin Banner in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China |
| 郭秀丽 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 周立华 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 生态环境变化是21世纪人类面临的最严峻的挑战之一，适应是人类应对生态环境变化的重要战略，生态政策在人类适应生态环境变化的过程中具有重要的导向性作用。以自然资源为生计基础的农户既是生态环境变化的驱动者、承受者，同时也是生态政策的主要参与者。在生态环境变化的背景下，农户同时面临着环境、市场和政策等方面的连锁压力，这些压力的复合作用使其生计更加脆弱。因此，急需开展生态政策驱动下的农户生态环境变化适应性研究，以提高农户的生态环境变化适应能力，降低其生计脆弱性。本文以位于库布其沙漠腹地的杭锦旗为研究对象，首先，采用遥感技术，通过对生态政策实施前后研究区植被覆盖度的对比分析，就生态政策驱动下的区域生态环境变化进行了研究；其次，运用农户调查数据，对农户的生计现状、农户对生态环境变化的感知与适应及其关键影响因素进行了分析，并对农户的生态环境变化适应能力进行了定量评价；最后，在以上研究的基础上，提出了提高杭锦旗农户生态环境变化适应能力的关键举措。得出的主要研究结论如下：（1）杭锦旗植被覆盖状况总体较差。生态政策实施后，杭锦旗的植被覆盖度显著提高，植被覆盖度的年际平均增长速度约为实施前的10倍；植被覆盖状况显著好转，净好转面积占区域总面积的18.83%。对植被覆盖变化的驱动因素分析发现，生态政策是驱动杭锦旗植被覆盖好转的主要因素。（2）杭锦旗农户的生计资本整体上比较稀缺，且分布欠均衡。农户以种植业、畜牧业和打工为主要生计活动方式，生计多样化指数为2.30。不同区域农户的生计资本和生计策略具有差异性，北部沿河区农户的人力资本和金融资本高于南部梁外区，而自然资本、物质资本和社会资本低于南部梁外区；北部沿河区农户从事种植业活动的比例高于南部梁外区，而从事畜牧业、外出打工、各种工资性工作和经商的比例低于南部梁外区，北部沿河区农户的生计多样化指数（2.23）低于南部梁外区（2.35）。农户的生计多样化指数与人力资本、金融资本和社会资本呈显著正相关，与物质资本呈显著负相关，与自然资本则不存在显著相关性。（3）与2000年相比，大部分农户认为当地的生态环境好转了，并认为生态环境的好转与政府生态政策的实施密切相关。其中，南部梁外区农户对生态环境好转的认知度低于北部沿河区。在生态政策的引导下，农户采取了向二三产业转移劳动力、改变养殖模式、减少牲畜数量、抽取地下水和精耕细作等措施应对生态环境变化。除精耕细作外，南部梁外区农户采取其他适应策略的比例均远高于北部沿河区。向二三产业转移劳动力是杭锦旗农户首选的生态环境变化适应策略。农户对生态环境变化的感知与适应具有区域差异性和空间层次性，农户对经济机会的响应影响着其对生态环境变化的感知与适应策略选择，农户对生态环境变化适应策略的选择也受其拥有的生计资本的影响。（4）杭锦旗农户的生态环境变化适应能力处于较低的状态。其中，南部梁外区农户的生态环境变化适应能力高于北部沿河区；兼业型农户的生态环境变化适应能力高于纯农户和非农户。农户生态环境变化适应性的驱动因子由主到次依次为：人力能力及生计多样化程度、耕地及物质财富拥有状况、生态环境意识、基础设施条件和从事畜牧业的状况。（5）基于以上研究提出：提高农户的生计兼业化水平是提高杭锦旗农户生态环境变化适应能力的关键举措。进一步研究发现：人力资本始终是影响农户生计策略由纯农型向农兼型和兼农型转化的关键生计资本；家庭整体劳动能力（H1）、人均耕地面积（N1）、人均年收入（F1）和能够提供援助的亲友数（S2）是影响农户生计策略由纯农型向农兼型和兼农型转化的关键生计资本指标。除N1外，以上生计资本及生计资本指标对农户生计策略由纯农型向农兼型和兼农型转化均具有显著促进作用。 |
| 英文摘要 | Ecological environment change is one of the most serious challenges for the human society in the twenty-first century, and adaptation is an important strategy for human beings to deal with this problem. Ecological policy plays an important role for the change of ecological environment. The farmers are not only the drivers, the recipients, but also the main participants of the ecological policies with the natural resources. Under environmental change, farmers are faced with the pressure of the environment, market, policy and other aspects, which make their livelihoods more fragile. Therefore, it is urgent to study on the adaptability of farmers’ for ecological environment change driven by ecological policy, in order to improve the adaptability of farmers’ and reduce their livelihoods vulnerability.Firstly, based on remote sensing technology, we analyzed and compared the vegetation coverage in no-implementing ecological policies (1991-2001) and implementing ecological policies (2001-2011), in order to reflect the regional ecological environment change driven by ecological policy in Hangjin Banner, which is located in the hinterland of the Kubuqi. Secondly, we analyzed the current situation of farmers’ livelihood and the farmers’ perception and adaptation to the ecological environment and the key influencing factors. Then, quantitative evaluated the adaptability of farmers’ ecological environment change. Finally, we put forward the key measures to improve the adaptability for rural ecological environment change Hangjinqi. Main conclusions were drawn as follows:(1)The vegetation coverage is poor in Hangjin Banner. The results showed that compared with no-implementing ecological policies, the vegetation coverage increased significantly after implementing ecological policies, the average annual growth rate of vegetation coverage is 10 times no-implementation. The vegetation cover situation improved significantly, the net improvement area accounted for 18.83% of the total area. Analysis the driving factors for vegetation coverage changes, the result showed that ecological policy is the main driving factors.(2)Farmers’ livelihood capital is relatively scarce, and it is non uniforn distribution in Hangjin Banner. The main livelihood activities were planting, animal husbandry and migrant workers for farmers, and the livelihood diversity index is 2.3. There are differences in the livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of farmers in different regions. Human capital and financial capital to the north riverside region is higher than the south region of the beam, and natural capital, physical capital and social capital is less than the southern region of the beam. The proportion of farmers with planting activity in north riverside region is higher than that of the southern region of the beam, but animal husbandry, migrant workers, stable job and business lower than the south region of beam. Farmers’ livelihood diversity index in the north riverside region (2.23) is lower than that of the southern region of the beam (2.35). There is a positive correlation between the livelihood diversity index and the human capital, financial capital and social capital, conversely with the physical capital, and no significant correlation with the natural capital.(3)Compared with 2000, the majority of farmers feel that the local ecological environment has became well because of the implementation of government ecological policy. Among them, the awareness of the farmers in the southern region of the beam was better than the north riverside region. In order to protect the ecological environment, farmers take measures of transfering labor force to non-agricultural industrial, changing culture mode, reducing the number of livestock, extracting of groundwater, and the intensive agriculture and so on. The farmers in the southern region of the beam are much higher than the proportion of north riverside region, who take the other response strategy except intensive cultivation. Transfer labor force to non-agricultural industrial is the first adaptation strategy for ecological environment change in Hangjin Banner farmers. The farmers’ perception and adaptation to ecological environment has regional differences and spatial levels. The farmers’ response to economic opportunity has an influence on the perception and adaptation strategies of ecological environment change. The choice of farmers’ adaptation strategies is also influenced by their livelihood capital.(4)The farmers’ ability to adapt the ecological environment change is poor in Hangjin Banner. Among them, the adaptability of farmers in the southern region of the beam is higher than those in north riverside region. The farmers’ ability to adapt to the ecological environment changes of the facultative farmers is higher than that of the pure farmers and non-farmers. The driving factors of farmers for the ecological environment changes were the degree of manpower and livelihood diversification, and the status of arable land and material wealth, then the ecological environment awareness, infrastructure conditions and the status of animal husbandry.(5)Based on the above researches, improving farmers’ degree of industrialization is the key measure to adapt to the ecological environment changes for farmers in Hangjin Banner. Further research found that human capital was the key factor which affecting the transformation of farmers’ livelihood strategy. Family labor ability, per capita arable land area, per capita annual income, and the number of relatives and friends available to provide assistance were the most important factors for farmers’ conversion from pure agriculture to agriculture-dominant or non-agriculture-dominant strategies. These livelihood capital indices could promote the transformation of agriculture structure, with the exception of per capita arable land area. |
| 中文关键词 | 生态政策 ; 生态环境变化 ; 农户 ; 适应性 ; 杭锦旗 |
| 英文关键词 | ecological policy ecological environment change farmers adaptability Hangjin Banner |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 人文地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287967 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 郭秀丽. 生态政策驱动下的农户生态环境变化适应性研究 ——以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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