Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 固沙植被生态水文阈值研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Study on eco-hydrological threshold of sand-binding vegetation |
| 张定海 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 李新荣 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 中国北方风沙危害区是沙漠化发展和生态退化最为严重的地区之一，也是进行人工植被生态重建和防沙治沙，以及国家北方生态屏障建设的关键区域。固沙植被稳定性维持事关防沙治沙的成效和可持续性，是沙区生态重建和恢复的核心科学问题。作为固沙植被管理的依据，对其稳定性维持的生态水文阈值的量化研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。对沙区生态过程、水文过程及二者之间的互馈机理，以及固沙植被演替的生态水文模型的研究则是量化研究不同生物气候带固沙植被稳定性维持的生态水文阈值的重要基础。本文基于对固沙植被系统长期生态与水文过程变化的理解，提出并探讨了生态水文阈值的概念和意义；通过构建耦合固沙植被生态过程和水文过程的系统动力学模型，结合文献研究、野外综合调查和定位试验观测结果，探讨了固沙植被稳定性维持的生态水文学机理；明确了我国不同气候区固沙植被的生态水文阈值。以上研究对我国沙区固沙植被生态系统管理和未来植被建设提供了重要的理论指导和科技支撑。论文研究的主要结果如下：1. 固沙植被的演替模型预测认为：（1）在腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区、荒漠绿洲边缘临泽地区和科尔沁沙地奈曼旗地区，固沙植被盖度和深层土壤水分经过不同的演替阶段后均可达到一个相对稳定的状态。（2）在腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区，深层土壤水分稳定维持在2.5% 左右时，灌木和生物土壤结皮的盖度分别可以维持在10% 和55% ；在荒漠绿洲边缘临泽地区，深层土壤水分稳定维持在2.3% 左右时，灌木盖度可维持在12% 左右；在科尔沁沙地奈曼地区，深层土壤水分稳定维持在2.8% 左右时，灌木盖度可以维持在60% 左右。此时以上三个沙区的土壤含水量可用于界定土壤水分的最大植被承载力。2. 降水格局变化对固沙植被生态系统的影响表现在：（1）降水格局是影响固沙植被稳定性的关键因素。在随机降水格局下，固沙植被区的灌木盖度和深层土壤水分随着年降水量的增加而增加。其中，灌木盖度随着年降水量的增加表现为幂函数的增长趋势；土壤水分随着年降水量的增加表现为指数函数的增长趋势。（2）在给定的降水条件下，灌木盖度（或深层土壤水分）与降水强度和降水间隔之间均呈正关系，但灌木盖度与降水强度或降水间隔之间的正关系会随着降水强度和降水间隔的增加而减缓，而深层土壤水分与降水强度和降水间隔之间的正关系会随着降水强度和降水间隔的增加而增强。（3）在年降水量小于300 mm的地区，较小的降水强度（小于5 mm）和降水间隔（小于 5 day）对深层土壤水分的影响几乎可以忽略。3. 固沙植被稳定性维持的生态水文阈值模拟表明：（1）在随机降水格局下，灌木盖度、草本植物的盖度和土壤水分随着年降水量的增加呈现非线性变化的趋势。其中，灌木盖度随着年降水量的增加表现为幂函数的增长趋势；草本植物的盖度随着年降水量的增加表现为先增加后减少的抛物型变化趋势；土壤水分随着年降水量的增加表现为指数型增长趋势。（2）确定了我国不同气候区（极端干旱地区、干旱地区、半干旱地区和半湿润地区）和6个典型的野外研究区（包括荒漠绿洲边缘临泽地区人工梭梭固沙植被、古尔班通古特沙漠阜康地区人工梭梭+白梭梭固沙植被、腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区柠条+油蒿固沙植被、毛乌素沙地盐池柠条固沙植被、科尔沁沙地奈曼旗地区小叶锦鸡儿固沙植被和科尔沁沙地章古台地区樟子松固沙植被）的生态水文阈值区间依次为：[0,13]、[0,15] 、[7,18]、 [14,32]、 [10,38]和[15,50]。 人工植被稳定性维持的生态水文阈值的确定，不仅可对现有不同气候带沙区人工植被进行生态系统管理，进而维持其防风固沙功能的可持续性，而且对未来不同沙区以植被建设为主要途径的生态重建和恢复提供了量化的参考指标。在此基础上，我们讨论了不同气候带固沙植被的生态系统管理模式。 |
| 英文摘要 | The regions suffering from wind-sand hazard in the northern China are the most serious areas prone to desertification and ecosystem degradation. It was also considered as the key areas of ecological rehabilitation, sand prevention and control, and ecological defense in the north of the country. Maintaining the stability of sand-binding vegetation is not just about the effectiveness and sustainability of sand prevention and control but also as key scientific issues for ecological reconstruction in sandy areas. As the bases of sand-binding vegetation management, identifying the eco-hydrological thresholds has important significances in theory and practice. The study of the ecological processes, hydrological process, as well as their mutual feedback mechanisms and the succession eco-hydrological model of sand-binding vegetation is one of the important bases of the eco-hydrological threshold for maintaining the stability of sand-binding vegetation in different bio-climatic zones. This thesis is based on the understanding of long-term variation on eco-hydrological processes of sand-binding vegetation systems. A new concept of eco-hydrological threshold has been proposed and discussed. This study will build a system dynamics model coupling the ecological and hydrological processes of sand-binding vegetation and combing the results of literature review, field survey and experiment in situ. The goal is to clarify the eco-hydrological mechanisms of maintaining the stability of sand-binding vegetation and determine the eco-hydrology threshold of sand-binding vegetation in different bio-climatic zones of China. The result will provide scientific and technological support for the ecosystem management of sand-binding vegetation and for vegetation construction in wind-sand hazard regions of China in the future. The main results are summarized as following: 1. The predict results of the succession model are as follows: (1) In Shapotou regions of Tengger Desert, Linze regions of the Fringe of Desert Oasis and the Naiman Banner of Horqin Sandy Land, the sand-binding vegetation coverage and deep soil moisture can reach stable state with different succession stage. (2) In Shapotou regions of the Tengger Desert, when the deep soil moisture remained stable at 2.5%, the coverage of shrub and biological soil crust were about 10% and 55%. In Linze regions of the Fringe of Desert Oasis, when the deep soil moisture remained stable at 2.3%, the shrub cover was about 12%. In Naiman Bannner regions of Horqin Sandy LandLinze, when the deep soil moisture remained stable at 2.8%, the shrub cover was about 60%. This soil moisture can be used to define the maximum soil water carrying capacity in three regions.2. The main results in the study of the effects of rainfall regime on sand-binding vegetation ecosystem were performance in the following: (1) The rainfall regime is considered as one of the key factors maintaining the stability of sand-binding vegetation. The woody vegetation cover and deep soil moisture increases with increase annual rainfall under stochastic rainfall regime. Specifically, the woody vegetation cover increased as a power-law function, and the deep soil moisture increased exponentially. (2) Under a given rainfall condition, there were positive correlations between the rainfall intensity (or rainfall intermittency) and both the woody vegetation cover and deep soil moisture. The positive correlations between wood vegetation cover and both rainfall intensity and intermittency may decrease with increases in the precipitation intensity or precipitation intermittency. The positive correlations between deep soil moisture and both rainfall intensity and rainfall intermittency increase as the precipitation intensity or precipitation intermittency increases. Moreover, these positive correlations may increase with increases in the mean annual rainfall. (3) The effects of small precipitation intensity (< 5 mm) and precipitation intermittency (< 5 day) on deep soil moisture gradually disappear when the mean annual rainfall is small (< 300 mm). 3. The rusults of eco-hydrological threshold model for maintaining the stability of sand-binding vegetation are as follows: (1) The herbaceous vegetation cover, woody vegetation cover and soil moisture increase nonlinearly with increasing annual rainfall under stochastic rainfall regime. Specifically, the herbaceous vegetation cover first increased and then decreased with increasing annual rainfall. Woody vegetation cover increased as a power-law function in total community cover, and soil moisture increased exponentially. (2) The eco-hydrological threshold in different climatic zones (include the regions of extremely arid, arid, semi-arid and semi-humid) and in typical revegetated sandy desert regions of China (include the sand-binding artificial vegetation Haloxylon ammodendron in regions of Linze of the Fringe of Desert Oasis, the Haloxylon ammodendron and Haloxylon persicum in regions of Fukang of the Gurbantunggut Desert, the Caragana korshinskii Kom and Artemisia ordosica Krasch in regions of Shapotou of the Tengger Desert, the Caragana korshinskii Kom in reigions of Yan Chi of the Mu Us Sandy Grassland, the Caragana microphylla Lam in regions of Naiman Bannner of the Horqin Sandy Land and the Mongolian Scotch pine in regions of Zhanggutai of the Horqin Sandy Land) has been determined by using the eco-hydrological model. The eco-hydrological threshold intervals in above six regions are [0,13]、[0,15] 、[7,18]、 [14,32]、 [10,38] and [15,50], respectively.The determination of eco-hydrological threshold for maintaining the stability of the artificial vegetation will not only help people promoting the dryland ecosystem management and maintain the sustainability of wind-break and sand-binding benefits but give quantifiable reference standard for vegetation recovering and reconstruction in sandy areas in the future. On this basis, we explored the ecological management model of sand-binding vegetation in different climatic zones. |
| 中文关键词 | 风沙危害区 ; 固沙植被 ; 生态—水文过程 ; 稳定性 ; 生态水文阈值 |
| 英文关键词 | Wind-sand hazards regions Sand-binding vegetation Eco-hydrological process Stability Eco-hydrological threshold |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287950 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张定海. 固沙植被生态水文阈值研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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