Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 沙漠化逆转过程的可持续评价与优化调控 ——以宁夏盐池县为例 | |
| 其他题名 | Sustainable Assessment and Controlling of the Desertification Reversion Process: A case of Yanchi County, China |
| 王娅 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 周立华 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 中国是世界上沙漠化严重的国家之一，尤其是北方农牧交错带沙漠化危害最为典型。近年来，随着国家退耕还林、退牧还草等一系列生态保护政策的实施，西北生态脆弱地区出现了明显的沙漠化逆转趋势。考虑到逆转区人地系统的脆弱性和低耗散性特点，仅从自然生态系统研究沙漠化及其逆转问题，不符合现代沙漠化的形成过程，难以反映沙漠化逆转的驱动机制。因此，应当将沙漠化及其逆转视为一种典型的社会生态系统管理问题，应用社会生态系统的理论框架进行评估与调控。本研究将社会生态系统理论引入到沙漠化逆转的管理调控研究当中。选取人类活动干扰明显、沙漠化正逆过程对比鲜明的典型沙漠化逆转区——宁夏盐池县为研究区域，将沙漠化逆转视为区域社会生态系统的一种动态演变过程，应用相关的社会生态系统分析框架，从综合系统及微观主体的角度进行盐池县沙漠化逆转过程评价并建立相应的沙漠化逆转脆弱性评价指标体系和评价模型，探寻影响该地区沙漠化逆转趋势可持续的关键致脆因子及其影响机制。最后，对研究区域现行的管理制度和生态政策进行反思，提出优化调控对策。主要研究结论如下：（1）禁牧政策实施后盐池县社会生态系统的可持续发展能力在全国层面上处于二级水平，各系统间的协调能力经历了由“弱协调—基本协调—高度协调”的发展过程，障碍度相应的由2003年的0.902下降至2014年的0.175。干旱、禁牧僵局和生态足迹是影响该县系统协调能力下降的关键，而水资源短缺、第三产业比重、单位GDP能耗及城镇化则是影响系统协调发展的主要障碍性因素。因此，协调社会生态系统内部各子系统间的和谐发展是有效保障农牧交错区沙漠化逆转可持续的重要措施。（2）盐池县农牧户的生计资本存量仅处于维持基本生活需求的阶段，金融资本和社会资本储量较低，存在明显的属性差异。63.76%的受访户倾向于沙漠化逆转可持续，属性差异和空间差异明显。农牧户生计资本与沙漠化逆转趋势之间存在较强的关联关系，人力资本和金融资本对沙漠化逆转可持续起负向作用，而物质资本、自然资本和社会资本则呈正向影响。因此，农牧户生计资本是决定其生计行为的基础和影响生态环境改善的先决条件，未来该县应将农牧户生计方式转变和社会资本、物质资本的积累作为保障沙漠化逆转趋势可持续的关键突破点。（3）盐池县沙漠化逆转的脆弱性指数波动明显，呈现先升后降的变化趋势。生态资源压力及其社会影响是重要的脆弱性来源，人均生态足迹，水资源利用和经济增长是决定沙漠化逆转脆弱性的关键因素，除人口城镇化呈线性影响外，其他脆弱性构成要素均为非线性影响。因此，盐池县社会生态系统是一个非平衡系统，传统的线性治理思维往往使治理制度陷入“万能灵药”的陷阱和“科学治理”的困境，未来应重视社区治理和传统经验在社会生态系统管理中的作用。（4）盐池县沙漠化治理的管理制度设计存在理论偏差、假设偏差、实施偏差及设计疏漏，未来该地区的沙漠化逆转管理应实施社会生态系统的弹性化管理。由于该地社会生态系统是一个非平衡系统，故而在相应的制度设计与配套政策搭建时，就应基于系统整体性、综合性的视角，适度解禁禁牧政策，打破围栏界限，尊重农牧户的生产选择和传统惯习，鼓励社区自主管理。市场调节可通过收取生态管护税，由农牧产品的中段消费者买单。构建一个政府干预，市场调节，企业、专家学者、各类组织及农牧户多主体参与的多中心沙漠化治理与调控体系。 |
| 英文摘要 | China is one of the most severely countries in the world. The agro-pastoral zone has been most seriously expansion areas of modern desertification in China and its desertification land area accounted for 40.5%. Additionally, since the recent implementation of a series of ecological protection policies, such as the “grain for green project”, “grazing prohibition policy”, and the “grassland ecological compensation award policy”, desertification has shown a clear trend of reversal in this pastoral transitional zone. When we considering the feature of human-nature system that is vulnerability and low dissipation in desertification reversed district, only from the perspective of natural ecological system to research the desertification and rehabilitation problem, cannot meet the modern desertification process, it is difficult to reflect the driving mechanism of desertification reversion. Therefore, desertification and its reversion should be regarded as a typical management problems of social-ecological systems. And applied the socio-ecological systems theory framework to evaluate and regulate.This study introduce the social-ecological systems theory into the management and regulation on desertification reversion. Select the typical reversed desertification area, Yanchi county as the study area where have the feature of human activities interfered obviously and its expand and reversal process of desertification contrasted brightly. From social-ecological system perspective, we can regard the desertification reversion as a dynamic evolution process of social-ecological systems, and applied the SLA, DPSIR framework of social-ecological systems to evaluate the process of Yanchi County desertification reversion based on the integrated systems and micro-main body perspective. And then, defined the concept of vulnerability of desertification reversion and construct the evaluation index system and quantitative model to explore the key brittle factor and its effect mechanism. Finally, rethink the management systems and eco-policies and propose the optimal flexible management strategies. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Yanchi County was basically in the secondary grade of the national sustainable development level and the subsystems development trend was relatively stable. Coordinate ability increased from 0.686 in 2003 to 0.957 in 2014 and experienced “weak coordination to basic coordination to high coordination” development processes. However, the obstacles degree was declined from 0.902 in 2003 to 0.175. We concluded that drought, the grazing-prohibition dilemma and the ecological footprint were key factors impeding the coordination of social-ecological systems development in this area. While the obstacle factors what water resource shortage, tertiary industry, unit GDP energy consumption and urbanization are affected the system’s coordinated development. Therefore, coordinated the subsystem of social-ecological systems is an effectively measure to guarantee the sustainability of desertification reversion in Agro-pastoral transitional zone.(2) Farmers’ livelihoods capital stock of Yanchi County is only at the stage of maintaining basic needs with a lack of the financial capital and social capital. There are obvious differences between the farmers while only little differences between the villages. The responses of farmers to desertification reversion mainly lie in ecological policy, adaptive behavior, environmental awareness, environmental behavior and environmental perception. There are significant differences on farmers and space in the above five aspects. It is found that 63.76% of respondent households tend to the sustainability of desertification reversion. There is a relatively strong correlation relationship between farmers’ livelihood capital and desertification reversion trend under gray correlation test. Human capital and financial capital play a negative role, whereas physical capital, natural capital and social capital have a positive impact on the sustainable development of desertification reversion. Therefore, the farmers’ livelihood capital is the foundation that determined the farmers’ livelihood behavior and a prerequisite for influencing the improvement of ecological environmen. In future, the farmers' livelihoods transition and capital accumulation of social and physical are the key breakthrough.(3) The curve of desertification reversion trend was slowly rising during 2003-2005. In 2006 this index was rapidly rising and reached the maximum value 0.733 in 2007 then was declining to 0.442 from the year of 2008 to 2011. After 2012, this index was showed a slight rise and then fall trend. Ecological and resource pressure and its social impact is the important vulnerability resource, where per capita ecological footprint, water resources utilization and economic growth are the critical vulnerability factors determining the sustainability of desertification reversion. There are two affect ways and six curve types between vulnerability and its components, in addition to the index of population urbanization is linear impact, the other elements are non-linear effects. There is a difference of each components to the reversion trend vulnerability in the contribution way, nature and rate in the same type indicators. Therefore, the social-ecological systems of Yanchi County is a non-equilibrium system. The traditional linear management thinking always make the governance systems fall into the "silver bullet" trap and "scientific management" dilemma. In future, we should focus on the function of community governance and traditional experience in social-ecological systems management.(4) The current management of desertification in Yanchi County have existed the system design problem: theoretical deviation, assumptions biases, implementation biases and design omission. So, this area’s desertification reversion management should be implemented the flexibility management of social-ecological systems in future. Because of the social-ecological system of Yanchi County is a non-equilibrium system, so designers should be based on the system overall, comprehensive perspectives and theory of non-equilibrium when they designed the corresponding policy. The content of flexibility management on desertification reversion is: breaking the fence boundaries and respect farmers' production and traditional rituals,encourage the community self-management. Through the ecological tax to reduce the farmers' livelihoods risk and pressure. This measure viaed the market regulation forceed the consumers to pay for the products ecological consumption. To build a multi-center management system that include the government intervention, market regulation, enterprises, experts, organizations and farmers participation. |
| 中文关键词 | 社会生态系统 ; 沙漠化逆转 ; 生计资本 ; 禁牧政策 ; 脆弱性 ; 盐池县 |
| 英文关键词 | social-ecological system desertification reversion livelihoods capital grazing forbidden policy vulnerability Yanchi County |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 人文地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287943 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王娅. 沙漠化逆转过程的可持续评价与优化调控 ——以宁夏盐池县为例[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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