Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 东非肯尼亚山维管束植物多样性调查和编目 | |
| 其他题名 | Study on the Diversity of Vascular Plants and Plant Cataloguing in Mt. Kenya, East Africa |
| 周亚东 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 王青锋 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 肯尼亚山为肯尼亚最高峰，非洲第二高峰，其植物多样性十分丰富。我们通过文献查阅、标本采集和鉴定，获得了目前包含该地区植物种类最多的名录——《东非肯尼亚山维管束植物名录》，并得到了以下几点结论：1）肯尼亚山原产维管束植物156科697属1496种，其中石松类植物2科5属9种，蕨类植物20科55属131种，裸子植物2科3属3种，被子植物132科634属1353种。低等维管束植物最大的3个科为铁角蕨科（27种）、鳞毛蕨科（23种）和凤尾蕨科（21种），最大的属为铁角蕨属（27种），其他较大的属有鳞毛蕨属（9种）、舌蕨属（8种）和凤尾蕨属（7种）；种子植物物种数超过50种的科有菊科（155种）、禾本科（123种）、豆科（96种）、莎草科（75种）、唇形科（60种）、兰科（59种）和茜草科（58种），物种数较多的属有莎草属（26种）、蜡瓣菊属（22种）和猪屎豆属（20种）；2）肯尼亚山地区是肯尼亚植物区系重要的组成部分，肯尼亚超过60%的蕨类植物在肯尼亚山都有分布，这一比例在被子植物最低，为22.48%；很多大科大属占肯尼亚比例也非常高，如鳞毛蕨科（71.88%）、菊科（38.46%）、唇形科（29.13%）、蜡瓣菊属（91.67%）、拉拉藤属（90.91%）、鳞毛蕨属（81.82%）、舌蕨属（80.00%）、羽衣草属（76.92%），而薹草属的全部种类在肯尼亚山都有分布。可以说，肯尼亚山地区某些科属也是世界植物区系不可小觑的部分，比如铁角蕨科（3.70%）、白酒草属（16.67%）、马刺花属（4.67%）、铁角蕨属（3.67%）、蜡瓣菊属（3.67%）和凤尾蕨属（2.80%）；3）肯尼亚山原产种子植物近70%为草本植物，其次是近13%的灌木，乔木和小乔木分别占5.23%和4.57%，木质藤本占3.83%，草质藤本占4.05%。肯尼亚山两种森林类型的生境Fa和Fb物种数目最多，物种密度也最大，其次是竹林（B）和欧石楠带（E），最低的是高山荒漠（Ad）和过渡林（Fe），东非高山植被带（A）的物种数目和密度处于中间值。肯尼亚山植物γ多样性沿海拔梯度呈偏峰分布格局，草本植物对这种分布格局贡献最大，木质植物和低等维管束植物并没有表现出明显的先升高趋势，而是沿海拔升高而逐渐递减。总体上，随着海拔升高木质植物比上草质植物的数值呈下降趋势，也就是随着海拔升高，草质植物的比重越来越大，木质植物比重越来越小；4）肯尼亚山超过60%的植物为泛非洲分布，其次是约21%的世界分布植物，热带东非特有和肯尼亚特有分别占到9.55%和3.61%，肯尼亚山特有类群占到了1.35%，外来植物共54种，占比3.48%。广域分布植物占总植物种数的82%，其中最大的3个科为菊科（125种）、禾本科（111种）和豆科（83种），最大的属为铁角蕨属（25种）和莎草属（25种），可以看出，包含物种数目多的大科相对来说，具有更多的广域分布物种。狭域分布植物占总植物种数的13.16%，其中最大的科为菊科（25种），最大的属是千里光属（8种）。肯尼亚山特有植物共21种，隶属13科17属，菊科（5种）最多，肯尼亚山千里木为特有植物的代表种，其和菊科、桔梗科等其他一些种类构成了特殊的东非高山植被类型。肯尼亚山外来植物共54种，隶属24科46属，物种组成方面，最多的3个科为菊科（10种）、豆科（8种）和茄科（5种），来源方面，57.41%来自美洲，25.93%来自亚欧，来自非洲和澳洲分别占9.26%和7.41%；5）肯尼亚山新记录种多达75种，隶属35科61属，其中鉴定SAJIT所采集标本所得到的新记录种共54种，分属29科46属，分析其他标本馆馆藏标本得到的新记录种21种，分属13科19属。肯尼亚山新种3个，分别是景天科的肯尼亚景天、葫芦科的近革叶马交儿瓜和防巳科的肯尼亚锡生藤。 |
| 英文摘要 | Mt. Kenya is the highest mountain of Kenya and the second one in Africa, it has huge plant diversity. At present, we get The Checklist of Vascular Plants from Mt. Kenya, East Africa which contains most of the plant species in this area up to now, though literature reviewing, specimen collection and identification, and we get the following conclusion: 1) Totally, there are 1496 indigenous vascular plants (697 genera, 156 families) in Mt. Kenya, in which, there are 9 lycophytes (5 genera, 2 families), 131 ferns (55 genera, 20 families), 3 gymnosperms (3 genera, 2 families) and 1353 angiosperms (634 genera, 132 families). Aspleniaceae (27 speices), Dryopteridaceae (23 species) and Pteridaceae (21 species) are the three biggest families and Asplenum (27 species), Dryopteris (9 species), Elaphoglossum (8 species) and Pteris (7 species) are the four biggest genera in lower vascular plants (lycophytes and ferns). There are six families which coutains more than 50 species in seed plants, they are Asteraceae (155 species), Poaceae (123 species), Fabaceae (96 species), Cyperaceae (75 species), Lamiaceae (60 species), Orchidaceae (59 species) and Rubiaceae (58 species). The three biggest genera in seed plants are Cyperus (26 species), Helychrisum (22 species) and Crotalaria (20 species). 2) Mt. Kenya is an important component of the flora of Kenya. There are over 60% ferns but only 22.48% angiosperms of Kenya are found in Mt. Kenya. Some big families and genra have high proportion of Kenyan flora, such as Dryopteridaceae (71.88%), Asteraceae (38.46%), Lamiaceae (29.13%), Cyperus (100%), Helychrisum (91.67%), Galium (90.91%), Dryopteris (81.82%), Elaphoglossum (80.00%) and Alchemilla (76.92%). It can be said that, some families and genera of plants from Mt. Kenya are also important parts of the world flora, such as Aspleniaceae (3.70%), Conyza (16.67%), Plectranthus (4.67%), Asplenium (3.67%), Helychrisum (3.67%) and Pteris (2.80%). 3) Thera are almost 70% indeginous plants in Mt. Kenya are herbs, almost 13% are shrubs, 5.23% are trees, 4.57% are small trees, 3.83% are lianas and 4.05% are climbers. The two forest vegetation (Fa and Fb) have most plants and highest species density, then are Bamboo zone (B) and Heath zone (E), then is Afroalpine vegetation (A). Nival zone (Ad) and Transitional Forest (Fe) have fewest plants and lowest species density. Plants γ-diversity is a skewness distribution pattern along with the altitudinal gradients, and herbs have the largest contribution to this distribution pattern, while woody plants and lower vascular plants did not show a significant upward trend at first, there are gradually decreased along with altitudinal gradients. Totally, the ratio valure of woody plants and herbaceous plants are radually decreased along with altitudinal gradients, i.e., there descent rate of herbaceous plants is smaller than woody plants. 4) More than 60% vascular plants of Mt. Kenya are panafrica distribution partern, almost 21% plants are wordwide distribution partern, 9.55% are endemic in tropical East Africa, 3.61% are endemic in Kenya, and 1.35% are endemic in Mt. Kenya. Wilde-spreading plants (wordwide and panafrica) occupied 82% of total plants in Mt. Kenya, in which Asteraceae (125 species), Poaceae (111 species) and Fabaceae (83 species), Asplenium (25 species) and Cyperus (25 species) are biggest families or genera. Narrowly distributed plants (endemic in tropical East Africa and Kenya) occupied 13.16% of total plants, in which Asteraceae (25 species) and Senecio (8 species) are the biggest family and genus. There are 21 endemic species in Mt. Kenya, which belong to 17 genera and 13 families, in which Asteraceae (5 species) have most species. Dendrosenecio keniensis is the representative plant of these 21 endemic plants, which contribute to the well-known Afroalpine Vegetation with other species from Asteraceae and Campanulaceae. There are 54 exotic plants in Mt. Kenya, which belong to 46 genera and 24 families, in which, Asteraceae (10 species), Fabaceae (8 species) and Solanaceae (5 species) are the three biggest families, and 57.41% of exotic plants are oringinated from America, 25.93% from Eurasia, 9.26% from Africa and 7.41% from Australia. 5) From our research, there are 75 new recorded plants in Mt. Kenya, which belong to 61 genera and 35 families, in which 54 species (46 genera, 29 families) are from the identification of our own specimens (SAJIT), 21 species (19 genera, 13 families) are from specimens of other herbariums. There are 3 new speices reported by us, i.e., Sedum keniense (Crassulaceae), Zehneria subcoriacea (Cucurbitaceae) and Cissampelos keniensis (Menispermaceae). |
| 中文关键词 | 热带东非 ; 肯尼亚山 ; 维管束植物 ; 植物多样性 ; 植物调查和编目 |
| 英文关键词 | tropical East Africa Mt. Kenya vascular plants plant diversity plant inverstigation and cataloguing |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 植物学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院武汉植物园 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287929 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 周亚东. 东非肯尼亚山维管束植物多样性调查和编目[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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