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| 古代新疆麦、粟、牧业间的互动与交融——由新疆东部先民的多稳定同位素分析管窥东西交流的动态进程 | |
| 其他题名 | Wheat, millet or animal? Isotopic perspective on early East-West Interactions in ancient Xinjiang |
| 王婷婷 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 胡耀武 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 作为人类历史上最为重要的贸易路线之一，丝绸之路一直是学界和公众关注的热点。据《史记》等文献记载，以丝绸之路为代表的东西交通道最早形成于西汉武帝时期张骞的“凿空西域”。但是，近年的考古发现却表明，早在距今四千年前的青铜时代，来自西亚、东欧的小麦、牛羊、冶金术等，便伴随着印欧人群的东迁逐渐传播到了黄河流域。而与之相对的，起源于中国北方的典型旱作谷物，粟黍，也在彩陶文化和蒙古人种扩张的过程中渐次西播，来到了欧洲地区。作为“亚洲之心脏”，新疆地区凭借其庞大蜿蜒的天山山脉及间杂其间的绿洲河谷，使得这些横跨大洲的资源交换、文化交流以及人群迁徙成为了可能，也同时使得其自身成为了中西人群及不同文化碰撞融合的最前沿阵地。尤为值得关注的是，作为东西方文化及人群交流的物质载体，生业经济的互动引导和催动着不同地区、不同人群、不同文化共同围绕着“亚洲之心脏”进行远距离大规模的迁徙和融合。因此，通过考察古代新疆生业格局的演变，就有望帮助我们追溯其人群组成的变化和考古学文化的演进；此外，我们还可以以新疆地区为窗口，及时捕捉东西方文化和人群交流的历史进程，更为全面的了解丝绸之路得以贯通的历史渊源，及其为新疆及其周边地区古代社会所带来的深远影响。故而，本文选择了新疆东部地区不同时期的3处代表性遗址，即青铜时代的哈密天山北路墓地、早期铁器时代的巴里坤黑沟梁墓地、以及汉晋时期的尉犁营盘墓地作为研究对象，综合使用多稳定同位素分析方法和牙结石微体化石分析方法，从不同的视角对其生业经济的演变进行了深入研究。其中，天山北路墓地位于新疆哈密地区，是新疆地区迄今为止所发现的所发现的年代最早、规模最大、文化内涵最丰富的考古遗址之一。目前的研究表明，该遗址同时表现出蒙古人种与欧罗巴人种间杂混居、农耕文明与草原游牧文化交相辉映的特点，明显是东西方文化交流互动的最早策源地。该遗址110例成人个体的碳、氮稳定同位素分析表明，天山北路先民普遍依赖牛、羊等动物为其提供的动物蛋白，同时还以小麦、粟黍等谷物作为其主食。其中，尤其值得关注的是，天山北路墓地所有个体都表现出对粟、黍等C4类作物的一定程度的依赖。可见，早在公元前1950年，粟黍便已经在先民“带着干粮上路”的西迁过程中传播到了今天的新疆地区，并被最早东进至此的草原游牧人群所接受。此外，为了更为清晰准确的追溯其传播轨迹和时空线索，本文进一步对横跨欧亚大陆的五十多处遗址、共计一千多例个体的同位素数据进行了全面的梳理，生动再现了食粟传统经由黄河流域、河西走廊、天山山脉一路传播至新疆、中亚、西伯利亚以及欧洲的历史过程。整体来看，青铜时代虽然尚处于东西方文化和人群交流互动的早期阶段，但是不同生业经济间已经开始融合，新疆地区总体上开始逐渐表现出麦、粟、牧业兼容并进的生业格局。黑沟梁墓地位于东天山北麓的巴里坤盆地，是一处典型的早期铁器时代游牧遗存， 该遗址最为显著的特点就是其殉人殉牲现象的普遍存在。其绝大部分墓葬中，除墓底的墓主人外，墓圹填土中还凌乱的散放着许多残缺不全的人骨。目前的研究认为，这种区别化的埋葬方式指示了不同个体间层级化的社会地位 。但是该遗址27例人骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析却表明，黑沟梁墓地墓主人和人牲的食物组成非常相似，二者在食物资源的获取上并不存在明显的差异。但是，根据骨表创伤、牙结石淀粉粒分析、DNA分析、随葬品的考古学文化分析以及文献史料的对照来看，黑沟梁墓地极值个体在食物来源上的差异更可能是由其各不相同的族群来源导致的，而非社会分层。此外，本文进一步对早期铁器时代新疆地区诸遗址的稳定同位素数据进行了梳理，发现，除巴里坤盆地黑沟梁墓地和东黑沟墓地外，早期铁器时代的新疆地区普遍表现出营养级较高且兼食C3、C4类食物的饮食结构，推测人们在畜牧牛、羊等家畜的同时，也都发展有一定程度的农耕经济。由此可见，及至早期铁器时代，史前新疆，麦、粟、牧业兼容并进的农业格局已经最终形成，且此三者间呈现出此消彼长、合作博弈的发展趋势。经过近两千年的积淀，东西交流的贸易通道渐渐成型，用以交换的物产日趋多样，横贯中西的官方贸易通道——“丝绸之路”终于得以正式贯通。面对愈发多样化的资源选择，营盘墓地古代居民整体上表现出了C3、C4相混合的食物结构，兼食小麦等C3类食物和粟黍等C4类作物。但是，干尸软组织样品的多稳定同位素分析则表明，营盘先民对资源的分配存在极为明显季节差异，他们在夏秋季集中摄食小麦、瓜果等C3类食物，而将粟黍等C4类作物储备下来作为冬春季的主食。尤其值得关注的是，两汉时期丝绸之路的贯通确实已将新疆地区的东西交流提高到了全新的层次，整个欧亚大陆也几乎都在丝绸之路的作用下更为全面快速的进行着物质、技术、思想以及文化的交流和共享。 |
| 英文摘要 | In popular culture and public perception, ancient China had little contact with the West before the formal opening of the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and was relatively isolated from the rest of the world. However, recent research is overturning this long-held belief and shedding light on cultural interactions between the Indo-Europeans of the Eurasian Steppe and the inhabitants of northern China. To be specific, significant millet cultivation was found to be spreaded beyond the borders of modern China in tandem with the expansion of the Chinese population and the rise of the Shang Dynasty. Additionally, in parallel with this westward movement of East Asian resources, the Southwest Asian crops (e.g. wheat, barley, etc.), domesticated animals, technological advances and changes in social structure were also introduced into China with the eastward migration of Indo-Europeans. Located at the geographical confluence of eastern and western cultures, the modern-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China served as a crucial passage for this trans Eruasian exchange, and the subsistence strategies of this area is illuminating for the understaning of the early contact between the inhabitants of the Eurasian Steppes and the peoples of the Gansu Corridor. Thus, we use multiple isotopic measurements of d13C, d15N, d34S, dD and d18O as approaches for the understanding of dietary patterns, mobility behaviors and health status of three representive archaeological populations (including Tianshanbeilu, Heigouliang and Yingpan) from Eastern Xinjiang. In particular, multi-disciplinary studies are conducted to investigate the spread of millet consumption from the perspective of dietary interconnectivity among ancient populations of eastern Eurasia. Tianshanbeilu is a highly significant site for Eurasian and Chinese archaeology as it displays some of the most extensive evidence of interactions between peoples of the East and West in terms of archaeological artefacts, physical anthropology, and genetics. As presented in our paper, Tianshanbeilu was occupied between 1940–1215 cal BC. The isotopic results mirror the rich archaeological diversity of the site and reveal that a significant amount of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and/or common millet (Panicum miliaceum) was consumed by the population. When examined in the context of similarly aged sites from Eurasia during the 2nd millennium BC, the findings at Tianshanbeilu offer compelling evidence that the Bronze Age was a dynamic period, with significant dietary interconnectivity occurring between north China, central Asia and south Siberia. In addition, the “Isotopic Millet Road” or a collection of regional and non-formalized long distance networks of trade and communication likely extended all the way to the Mediterranean and Central Europe thousands of years before the Silk Road. This multidisciplinarly research highlights how the unique d13C isotopic signatures of millet can be used to trace the westward movement and chronology of human millet consumption from the Yellow River Valleys to better understand cultural interactions and exchanges between the Bronze Age inhabitants of China and Europe. Thus, far from being isolated, the ancient inhabitants of modern-day China were interacting and engaged with their neighbours on a global scale, and this has important implications for understanding the rise and development trajectories of Bronze Age civilization in China and across Eurasia. Heiouliang cemetery is a typical nomadic pastoral archaeological site from the Iron Age (ca. 1000 BC – 8 AD) Xinjiang. The human δ13C values range from –19.6‰ to –17.0‰ with a mean value of –18.5±0.5‰, and the δ15N results range from 11.5‰ to 13.8‰ with a mean value of 12.4±0.6‰. The results indicated that animals, like sheep were part of the predominately C3 terrestrial diet, but two individuals have values > –18‰ which is indicative of some input of C4 foods in their diets. Due to a lack of faunal samples and to supply complementary information concerning plant consumption, teeth from four individuals were analyzed for dental calculus microfossils. Starch grains were found to correspond to Triticeae and Poaeceae, possibly including wheat, barley, highland barley, foxtail millet and/or common millet. At the population level, no dietary differences were detected between burial owners and sacrificial victims, but variations were found when specific tombs were analyzed. In particular, individuals with bone trauma associated with armed conflict also had distinct isotopic signatures possibly suggesting that some of the sacrificial victims could have been captured warriors that were sacrificed for the burial owners. Additionally, Heigouliang displayed the most negative δ13C values when compared with all the published isotopic results of Iron Age Xinjiang, indicates that Heigouliang populations consumed more C3 food, while the other Iron Age populations of Xinijang mainly consumed mixed C3 and C4 diets. This suggested that millet has overcame the geographical obstacle of mountains and deserts, and spread extenaived all over Xinjiang during the Iron Age period. With the onset of the Han Dynasty in China, the Silk Road was officially established, and this lead to an unprecedented increase in cultural and technological interactions as well as resource transfer across Eurasia. The Yingpan site was believed to be a key station along the Silk Road, and was influenced by frequent human migration, commercial trading and genetic mixing during the period of the Han to Jin Dynasties. Isotopic analysis on the well-preserved human, faunal and plant remiains of Yingpan cemetery has identified a mix C3 and C4 diet with heavy reliance on animal protein. Additionally, the best-preserved mummy from this site, Yingpan Man was found to have lived in an extremely arid environment and consumed a seasonal diet with varying contribution of C3 (possibly wheat/barley) and C4 (likely to be millets) plants. In combination with all the evdience of animal, plants, burial styles and artefacts, the Han dyansty is identified to be a prime period for East-West interactions. |
| 中文关键词 | 食谱分析 ; 粟作农业 ; 天山北路墓地 ; 黑沟梁墓地 ; 营盘墓地 |
| 英文关键词 | Dietary patterns Millet consumption Tianshanbeilu cemetery Heigouliang cemetery Yingpan Cemetery |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 科学技术史 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287888 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王婷婷. 古代新疆麦、粟、牧业间的互动与交融——由新疆东部先民的多稳定同位素分析管窥东西交流的动态进程[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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