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| 中国史前块根块茎类植物利用 | |
| 其他题名 | The utilization of roots and tubers in Prehistoric China |
| 王维维 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 杨晓燕 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 块根块茎类植物是指拥有变态地下块根块茎来贮藏营养的植物类型，包括块根、块茎、球茎、鳞茎等形式。世界上多个热带地区如非洲西部、大洋洲热带岛屿、中南美洲都是块根块茎类植物的早期利用和驯化中心，中国南方热带地区有着相似的生态环境，但是该地区植物考古学研究并不充分；同时由于现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒分析基础工作的缺乏，致使古代遗址出土的块根块茎类植物淀粉粒不能得到有效的鉴定。本文对我国17科33属52种现代块根块茎类淀粉粒进行统计分析，并以民族学资料为基础对块根块茎类植物进行了模拟加工实验，分析不同加工方式对淀粉粒形态特征的影响，在上述研究基础上，对我国古代遗址中出土的块根块茎类淀粉粒进行了鉴定，并对其反映的不同人类行为及环境背景进行讨论，主要得出以下结论：1）块根块茎类淀粉粒在形态上可以与禾本科、小麦族、坚果类等其他植物进行明确区分。2）块根块茎类植物淀粉粒按照其形态特征可以分为多边形、多面体形、椭圆形、三角形及钟形五组，依据聚类分析可以实现同组淀粉粒的区分，根据粒径分布和形态特征得出的分类检索表则可以在淀粉粒数量达到20粒以上时为单种植物的区分和鉴定提供依据。3）不同块根块茎植物淀粉粒在不同加工方式下表现的形态变化不同。受淀粉粒统计数量和大小的影响，块根块茎类植物淀粉粒在各种加工条件下未表现出一致的粒径增大现象，因而其粒径特征不能作为反映人类加工方式的敏感指标。在热加工情况下，淀粉粒形态出现膨胀、扭曲、层纹明显，消光逐渐消失、透明化等变化；在机械加工条件下，块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态未发生明显变化，且由于消耗速率较低，块根块茎类植物不适合在磨盘等表面平滑的工具上进行加工。4）根据广州鹿颈村商代遗址的淀粉粒分析结果，现代块根块茎类淀粉粒分类及检索表可以有效地运用到古代遗址块根块类淀粉粒的鉴定中去；由于现代淀粉形态数据库的不完善，目前块根块茎类淀粉粒鉴定存在错判的现象，此次对鉴定结果的重新梳理，为我们更加完整了解古人类植物利用情况有积极作用。5）在史前所有的块根块茎类植物中，薯蓣属在全国各地区各时间段被广泛利用，栝楼属、莲属、菱属及姜科植物自南到北也均可见到，百合属及贝母属则在整个北方地区较为常见。部分植物类型体现出明显的地域特色及环境背景，如锁阳多生于荒漠草原环境，而莲属、慈姑属、泽泻属等水生植物则反映出遗址周边的水生环境以及人类对水生植物资源的利用情况。6）从史前各遗址块根块茎类淀粉粒出土概率来看，华北北部和内蒙古地区块根块茎类植物利用的普遍性呈现不断提高的趋势，到新石器时代晚期成为人类利用的重要植物类型；华北南部地区的块根块茎类淀粉粒出土概率波动较大，在旧石器时代晚期和新石器时代中期出土概率较高，而在新石器时代早期和新石器时代晚期则相对较低；除新石器时代中期外，华中及华南地区的块根块茎类淀粉粒出土比例普遍较高，且类型较其他区域丰富。 |
| 英文摘要 | Roots and tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients, including stem tubers, root tubers, corm, bulb et al. Many regions around the world such as the West Africa, tropical islands of Oceania, and central and South America, are the centers of utilization and domestication of roots and tubers. The southern China has the similar ecological environment, but we have little known about the early plant utilization and domestication. Similarly, we couldn’t identify the ancient starches of tuberous plant from the archaeological sites for the lack of research on modern plant samples. Here we select the main species of tuberous plant and take on the morphological and statistical research of the starch grains to differ them from each other, and we will also conduct simulation experiment based on the ethno botany to observe the morphology change of starch grains; furthermore, we intend to identify the ancient starches from tubers and roots and discuss the human activity and the environmental context in early times. The primary results are as follows:1) Starch grains from roots and tubers can also make a clear distinction millets, wheats, acorns, etc.2) Starch grains from tuberous plant can be divided into five groups by their morphologies: Polygons, polyhedron, oval, triangle, and bell. Starch grains in the same group can be distinguished based on clustering analysis; starches can be identified into species with reference to specific particle size distribution and morphology of classification when the number is large. 3) Different starch grains showed diverse morphological changes under different processing conditions. Limited by statistics of starch grains, starch grains of tuberous plant don’t show consistent increasing particle size under various processing conditions, so the grain size cannot be a sensitive indicator of human processing. Under the condition of heat processing, starch grains appear size expansion, twisted, obvious layer, gradually disappearing extinction and transparency; Under the condition of mechanical processing, the shape of starch grains form tuberous plant don’t change obviously, and due to the low consumption rate, roots and tubers don't fit to be processed on tools with smooth surface.4) According to the ancient starch analysis of Lujingcun, classification of modern starch grains form root and tubers can be effectively applied into the identification of starch grains form ancient sites; redefining starch grains in ancient sites also plays a positive role in deepening our understanding towards ancient plant utilization. 5) From all of the root and tubers in prehistory, Dioscorea spp.was most widely used in all the regions in China, plants from Trichosanthes, Nelumbo, Trapa and zingiberaceae were also visible from northern to southern China, Lilium and fritillaria were more common in the northern region. Various kinds of plant reflect the obvious local characteristics and environmental background, such as Cynomorium songaricum tends to live in grassland environment, and aquatic plants, like Nelumbo, water pack, talisman, reflect the aquatic environment surrounding near the site and human‘s utilization of aquatic resources.6) The unearthed frequency of roots and tubers in in the north area of North China and Inner Mongolia area showed an uprising trend and when it came to the late Neolithic, tuberous plants became much more important for human being; while percentages in the south area of North China fluctuated with the time, unearthed frequencies he upper Paleolithic and middle Neolithic were much higher than that in early Neolithic and late Neolithic; In addition to the middle Neolithic, the unearthed frequency of roots and tubers in central and south China was always high, and the types of tuberous plant were richer than other regions. |
| 中文关键词 | 史前时期 ; 块根块茎类植物 ; 淀粉粒分析 ; 人地关系 |
| 英文关键词 | prehistoric China roots and tubers starch grain analysis man-land relationship |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287867 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王维维. 中国史前块根块茎类植物利用[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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