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| 考虑地下水侧向流动与人类取水用水的陆面过程模式及其与气候模式的耦合研究 | |
| 其他题名 | A Land Surface Model with Groundwater Lateral Flow and Anthropogenic Water Withdrawal and Use and its Coupling with Climate Model |
| 曾毓金 | |
| 出版年 | 2017 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 谢正辉 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水改变土壤含水量，影响陆面和大气之间的水分能量交换，从而影响气候。然而现有用于气候模拟的陆面过程和气候系统模式缺乏对地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水过程的描述。因此本博士论文的研究目标是构建考虑地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水作用的陆面过程和气候系统模式，研究并揭示地下水侧向流和人类取水用水活动对陆面过程以及全球气候的影响。围绕上述研究目标，本论文在模型发展，模型验证以及模型应用等方面开展研究，主要结果与结论如下： (1) 研制了考虑河流输水影响的河岸生态水文模式。将土壤水流分解为以垂向流为主的非饱和土壤水运动和侧向流为主的地下水运动，由此将河岸剖面地下水埋深与土壤含水量估计归结为求解二维运动边界问题得到拟二维地下水流模型，并将其与陆面过程模式CLM4.5耦合，构建考虑河流输水影响的河岸生态水文模式。将其应用于干旱区黑河中下游5个河流断面2012-2013年进行数值模拟与验证，模式运行分辨率为60 m，结果显示，河流输水作用显著改变河岸水循环过程。干旱区河水对地下水的侧向补给抬升河岸地下水位（最高20 m），增加土壤含水量~0.1 m-3 m3和蒸散发~3 mm day-1，改善河岸生态环境。河道输水提高河流两岸植被总初级生产力0.03 mgC m-2 s-1和净初级生产力0.01 mgC m-2 s-1。河道侧向补给的影响范围大约在距离河道1-km内的河岸，距离河道越近，侧向补给效应越强。研究结果加深了对干旱区河岸碳水循环过程的认识，为合理生态输水提供了科学支持。 （2）构建了考虑地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水影响的流域生态水文模式。将饱和土壤水分运动分解为以垂向流为主一维非饱和土壤水运动和以侧向流为主的水平二维地下水运动，从而构建拟三维地下水流模型，并将其与陆面过程模式CLM4.5相耦合，针对黑河流域研制考虑地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水影响的流域生态水文模式。将所研制模式应用于干旱区黑河流域2003-2013年进行数值模拟与验证，模式运行分辨率为1-km，结果显示模型模拟的合理性，且地下水侧向流使黑河流域上游山脊地区地下水位埋深变深，上游山谷地区和中下游平原地区地下水位埋深变浅。在模拟时段内，人类地下水抽取使中游开采区地下水位下降~2 m，陆地水储量减少，人类河道引水使中下游河道流量降低。农业灌溉使灌区土壤湿度升高~0.1 m3 m-3, 蒸散发升高~60 W m-2。地下水侧向流可以补给地下水超采产生的地下水漏斗，减缓水位下降趋势。 （3）研制了考虑地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水影响的全球陆面过程模式。基于发展的流域生态水文模式，将陆面模式分辨率加粗为1°，地下水模型分辨率保持为1-km，设计尺度转换方案、并行方案、海陆边界交换方案，将模式从流域托管至全球，并对1965-2010年进行数值模拟与验证。结果显示，模式能够较好地模拟地下水位动态变化。在模拟时段内，地下水超采使美国中部、中国华北和印度北部地区水位降低0-7 m，陆地水储量减少。灌溉使灌区土壤含水量和潜热通量升高，地表温度和感热通量降低，地表径流增加。地下水侧向流对地下水漏斗的补给能力与含水层厚度有密切联系：当含水层厚度小于7 m时，地下水侧向流对地下水漏斗的补给能力随着含水层厚度而增加；当含水层厚度大于7 m时，地下水侧向流对地下水漏斗的补给能力固定在200-400 mm yr-1之间。研究结果表明在全球关键区域，如美国、中国和印度，水资源可持续利用面临严峻挑战。 （4）发展了考虑地下水侧向流动和人类取水用水影响的气候系统模式。将发展的陆面模式作为气候系统模式CESM1.2的陆面分量，发展了考虑地下水侧向流和人类取用水的全球气候系统模式，将其应用于1976-2005年进行陆-气耦合模拟。陆面和大气模式运行分辨率为1°，地下水模型为1-km。结果显示，地下水侧向流动使南美洲北部地区和中东北部地区850 hPa等压面降温0-0.4 °C，南美洲北部哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、乌拉圭等地区夏季降水增加~1 mm day-1，巴西北部亚马逊流域地区和美国西部地区夏季降水减少~1 mm day-1. 人类地下水取用水使印度北部地区850 hPa等压面降温0-0.4 °C. 在地下水开采严重区，美国中部和中国华北地区夏季降水增加0.1-0.3 mm day-1, 这是灌溉增强蒸散发再通过陆-气相互作用增强对流性降水导致的；印度北部地区降水减少0.1-0.5 mm day-1，这是灌溉减少海陆热力差异从而减弱印度季风导致的。 |
| 英文摘要 | Groundwater lateral flow (GLF) and human water use modify soil moisture, affect water and energy exchanges between land and atmosphere, and change climate. However, the land surface and climate models currently used in climate modeling are lack of descriptions for the processes of GLF and human water use. This dissertation attempts to develop a land surface model including both the GLF and anthropogenic water withdrawal and use, and couples it with an atmosphere model to study the effects of groundwater lateral flow and human water exploitation on available water resources, land surface and climate throughout different spatial scales, and reveal the mechanisms for how the GLF recharges the groundwater depression cones caused by over-exploitation. To achieve the goals, studies are devoted to model development, validation and application. The main conclusions of this study are presented as follows. (1) A riverbank ecohydrologic model including the river water conveyance was developed. In this study, a quasi-2D riverbank GLF module was incorporated to Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5), and the coupled model was conducted over five cross-sections in the middle reaches of Heihe River basin in northwestern China. The results show that the stream-aquifer water interaction significantly modifies the hydrological cycle over riverbanks. In arid area, over the riverbank region, the groundwater table is lifted, the soil moisture and evapotranspiration are increased, and the environment is improved by stream-aquifer water interaction. Stream-aquifer water interaction increases both the gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchange of riverbank vegetation. All impacted ecological and hydrological characteristics are restricted to an area within approximately 1 km from the channel, and the effects become stronger as distance to the river decreases. (2) A watershed ecological hydrological model including both the GLF and anthropogenic water withdrawal and use was developed. In this study, schemes describing quasi-3D GLF module and human water exploitation were incorporated to CLM4.5, and the coupled model was conducted over the entire Heihe River basin. Simulations showed that groundwater lateral flow driven by changes in water heads can essentially change the groundwater table pattern with the deeper water table appearing in the hillslope regions and shallower water table appearing in valley bottom regions and plains. Over the last decade, anthropogenic groundwater exploitation deepened the water table by approximately 2 m in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, and the terrestrial water storage was depleted as well. However, GLF can recharge the groundwater depression cones caused by over-exploitation and alleviate the decreasing trend of water table. (3) A global land surface model including both GLF and anthropogenic groundwater exploitation was developed. In this study, a land surface model CLM_LF_EXP was developed by incorporating the schemes describing GLF and human groundwater exploitation to CLM4.5, and the CLM_LF_EXP was conducted over global scale. The comparisons between our simulated results and observations validated our model’s ability in reproducing the groundwater table pattern under the control of topographic and climatic factors as well as the effects of human groundwater exploitation. The results show that over the last four decades, the groundwater table and terrestrial water storage were significantly decreased in central US, northern China plains and northern India where the groundwater resources were heavily pumped, and a balance between reduced groundwater withdrawal and rapid economic development must be achieved in order to maintain a sustainable groundwater resource in these regions. The GLF rate induced by groundwater pumping is influenced by the local aquifer thickness. If the aquifer thickness is less than 7 m, the pumping induced GLF increase with the increase of aquifer thickness. (4) A global climate model including both GLF and anthropogenic groundwater exploitation was developed. In this study, the original land component of Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2) was replaced by the newly developed land surface model CLM_LF_EXP, and several land-atmosphere coupling simulations were conducted to study the effects of GLF and human groundwater exploitation on the global climate. The results show that, after the GLF was included in model, significant cooling effects were occurred over the lower atmosphere in north part of South America and north part of Middle East. The precipitation in Columbia, Venezuela, Uruguay decreased and in northern Brazil and western US increased by incorporating GLF in CESM1.2. After the human groundwater exploitation was included in model, cooling effects were occurred in atmosphere at 850 hPa level in northern India. Over the three regions with severe groundwater pumping, the precipitation in central US and northern China increased as the results of increased evapotranspiration induced by groundwater irrigation with the help of land-atmosphere interaction. However, decreased precipitation occurred in north of India because the Indian monsoon and its transport of water vapor were weaker as a result of cooling induced by groundwater irrigation. |
| 中文关键词 | 地下水侧向流动 ; 人类取水用水 ; 陆面过程模式 ; 气候模式 |
| 英文关键词 | Groundwater Lateral Flow Human Water Withdrawal and Use Land Surface Model Climate Model |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 气象学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院大气物理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287853 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 曾毓金. 考虑地下水侧向流动与人类取水用水的陆面过程模式及其与气候模式的耦合研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2017. |
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