Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 丝绸之路（南道）屯戍遗址空间考古研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Space Archaeology for Tunshu Sites along the South Route of the Ancient Silk Road |
| 骆磊 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 王心源 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 丝绸之路，作为古代中西方经济、文化、科技、宗教交流的国际大动脉，是人类文明史上的一个伟大创举，是全人类共同拥有的珍贵文化遗产。经过千百年的洗礼，其沿线仍然留下了数以千计、类型多样的古遗址。作为商贸通道网络的丝绸之路，其系统构成总体可分为交通（驿站、驿道）、防御（烽燧、塞墙）与补给（绿洲、城镇）子系统。正是这3个子系统的协调工作才构成了曾经车水马龙、昼夜不息的丝绸之路。但是，目前的研究大都关注单个遗址本体，缺乏宏观尺度下对这些遗址及其赋存环境的整体认识。空间考古为不同尺度下丝绸之路沿线遗址的探测、发现、重建等提供了全新的技术手段。本文选择与古丝绸之路紧密关联的邮驿、长城、屯田3类屯戍遗址为案例，从遗址本体信息提取、系统构成与空间结构分析、数字化重建等角度展开丝绸之路文化遗产的空间考古研究。\n第一，对于交通子系统，开展了唐代瓜-沙二州间邮驿系统的空间考古研究。根据敦煌遗书等史料的文字记载，驿站遗址的文字描述信息被抽象成了可运算的二维数组，并提出了基于GIS空间分析的驿站遗址空间预测模型，在高分辨率卫星遥感影像上发现了3处与驿站相关的古城遗址。GPS支持下的田野考古勘察与史料考证，共同明确并证实了甘草驿与长亭驿的驿站遗址所在。同时，基于数字地球平台Google Earth开展了已知驿站遗址和驿道遗址的空间考古调查，最终较准确的数字化恢复了武后天授二年（公元691年）后瓜-沙二州间邮驿系统。基于3S技术的空间考古方法为未知考古遗址的主动发现提供了技术借鉴，同时，瓜-沙二州间邮驿系统的成功重建也为研究古丝绸之路的线路走向、敦煌古绿洲的变迁、唐代邮驿制度等提供了科学的数据基础。\n第二，对于防御子系统，开展了汉代敦煌郡长城遗址提取及其防御结构空间分析研究。根据汉长城线性考古遗址(Great Wall Linear Archaeological Sites, GLASS)在GF-1 PAN 影像上的特征，基于图像阈值分割与Hough变换，建立了适合于线性考古遗址自动提取的算法，实现了不同环境背景下典型GLASS片段的自动提取，单一背景下的GLASS提取精度达到80 %以上。基于前文提出的考古遗址空间预测模型，发现并证实了与汉长城宜禾候官相关的2处古城遗址。基于数字地球平台GE和GPS支持下的地面调查，全面调查了敦煌郡的烽燧遗址，并系统的分析了汉长城在敦煌郡内的空间防御布局，绘制了汉长城防御系统空间结构及诸候官分布图。基于图像阈值分割与Hough变换的GLASS提取算法可以很好地移植应用到其它线性考古遗址的自动识别与提取上，同时，汉敦煌郡长城防御系统的揭示为进一步精细认知河西走廊的汉长城防御系统、边防战略、汉长城与丝路的关系以及汉长城遗址本体特征等提供了重要的科学参考。\n第三，对于补给子系统，开展了汉唐时期米兰绿洲屯田灌溉工程景观考古研究。通过设计改进的Canny算法，实现了渠道遗址的自动提取。与人工提取结果相比，算法自动提取精度优于90 %。根据渠道遗址的形状、尺寸、端点位置等水文信息，所有的渠道遗址被分成了具有层次关系的干渠、支渠、斗渠和毛渠4类，并讨论了不同类渠道的空间特征和作用功能。结合LS-7、GF-1、ASTER GDEMV2等多源遥感数据提取获得了米兰河流域的水网信息，与屯田渠道提取结果一起形成米兰屯田系统，并估算出米兰古屯田的主体面积为8, 000 ha。基于“斑块-廊道-基质”模式对米兰屯田景观的空间结构进行了阐述，并详细讨论了屯田中不同景观要素在“山地-绿洲-荒漠”生态系统(Mountain-Oasis-Desert EcoSystem, MODES)子系统中的特征与作用。米兰屯田景观揭示了西域屯田渠道引水灌溉工程的基本模式，为深入剖析新疆地区2, 000多年屯田戍边政策的军事价值、史地价值、文化价值、经济价值与地缘政治价值提供了夯实的研究基础。\n通过对丝绸之路（南道）屯戍遗址的空间考古研究，揭示了研究区汉唐时期路网系统中交通（驿站、驿道）、防御（烽燧、塞墙）与补给（绿洲、城镇）子系统的部分原貌，为考古遗址的主动发现、自动识别与提取、数字化重建、人地关系认知等提供了方法借鉴，对于研究丝绸之路线路走向与变迁、古绿洲及城镇兴废、环境演变、古代边防建设等具有重要科学意义。丝绸之路空间考古研究促进了地理学、丝路学、敦煌学、考古学、历史学、地缘政治学等不同学科的交叉发展，为 “一带一路”建设、丝绸之路后续扩展申遗、空间考古学学科建设、文化遗产监测与保护等提供了研究基础与科学支持。 |
| 英文摘要 | The ancient Silk Road, a pioneering work in the history of human civilization, contributed greatly to the cultural exchange between China and the West. It is the precious cultural heritage should be shared by the whole humanity. Ancient Silk Road, an important system of trade and cultural transmission routes, consists of three main subsystems: Road Subsystem (courier station and route), Defense Subsystem (wall and beacon) and Supply Subsystem (oasis, town and city). Due to the coordination work of these three subsystems, heavy traffic which runs day and night once existed on the ancient Silk Road. Although there were countless archaeological sites along the ancient Silk Road, most of the existing researches just focused on the sites, lacking the overall understanding of the relationships between sites and their supporting environment. Space archaeology provides a new viewpoint for investigating, discovering, reconstructing and documenting the archaeological sites and cultural heritages under different scales. In this study, three famous Tunshu sites, royal road of Tang Dynasty, Han Great Wall and Tuntian system, were chose to carry out the space archaeology application of Silk Road. The aim of this comprehensive study was to show the great advantages and potentials of space archaeology for understanding the ancient Silk Road.Firstly, the royal post road of Tang Dynasty from Guazhou to Shazhou was researched for the Road Subsystem. According to written records from historical-geographical manuscripts in the Dunhuang Manuscripts, the wasteland northeast of modern-day Dunhuang oasis contains remarkable, undiscovered monuments of medieval post stations. The statistical analysis of historic records and census data, image processing and interpretation of satellite remote sensing images, GIS-based predict model, and field surveys were carried out to contribute to the discovery of post stations and the reconstruction of the medieval royal post road system from Guazhou to Shazhou. In order to obtain rough positions of post stations, historic records and census data were abstracted and digitized using GIS tools. Dried river channels and traces of the Great Wall were extracted from the remote sensing images, and GIS buffer and overlay analyses were applied to the extraction. The prospective sub-areas were mapped from WorldView-2 images based on the results of the previous steps, and suspected sites were interpreted, confirmed and integrated with the completed GPS-based archaeological survey. The royal post road to ancient Dunhuang, one of the most important sections of the royal post road system in the Hexi Corridor, was reconstructed and discussed with the combined application of VHR WorldView-2 images and GE platform. The proposed comprehensive method provides a technical reference for active discovering unknown archaeological sites, and accumulates rich data basis for studying the changes of ancient Silk Road routes, the evolution of Dunhuang oasis and the development of ancient post system.Secondly, the Great Wall of Han Dynasty in ancient Dunhuang was studied for the Defense Subsystem. After the Western Han Dynasty occupied the Hexi Corridor, it gave orders for the construction of the massive Great Wall so as to consolidate the safety of the frontier region. Also Western Han Dynasty aim was to explore a possible trade route (Silk Road) to countries that lay to the west. In this study, the Han Great Wall defense system was researched from the perspective of space archaeology. The GLASS was automatic extracted from the enhanced GF-1 PAN data using the proposed automatic method which adopts segmentation and Hough transformation. Compared with the manual extractions, the overall detection accuracy was better than 80 % in a background. Then, the previous GIS-based predict model was used to contribute to the discovery of two suspected sites related to the ancient Yihe Houguan. Thirdly, the beacons, distribution along the Great Wall, were investigated by using GE platform and GPS-based field work. The Han Great Wall defense system in ancient Dunhuang, one of the most important sections of the Great Wall defense system in the Hexi Corridor, was mapped and discussed with the combined application of GIS, satellite remote sensing and GE. The findings provide new evidence for the development of civilization and the evolution of the Great Wall defense system in western China, thus contributing to our understanding of the relationship between human activities and environmental change in the Hexi region.Thirdly, the tuntian landscape in ancient Milan was researched for the Supply Subsystem. Tuntian provide valuable information for agriculturists and anthropologists who seek fundamental understanding of the distribution of arid oasises, regarding to the water resource utilization, to the development of oasis agriculture, and eventually to the climate change. This study describes the use of Chinese GF-1 imagery, LS-7 ETM+ data and ASTER GDEMV2 products to uncover an ancient irrigated canal-based tuntian system located in an oasis agricultural landscape adjacent to the ancient Kingdom of Loulan at the southern margin of the Tarim Basin. The GF-1 and LS-7 data were first processed following atmospheric and geometric correction and enhanced by Gram Schmidt pansharpening. The linear archaeological traces of trunk, primary and secondary canals were then extracted from the enhanced GF-1 data using visual interpretation, and the tertiary canals were extracted from the morphologically enhanced GF-1 PAN imagery using the proposed automatic method which adopts mathematical morphological processing and Canny edge operator. Compared with the manual extractions, the overall detection accuracy was better than 90 %. In addition, the functions of the trunk, primary, secondary and tertiary canals were each analyzed and the spatial extent of Milan’s ancient tuntian landscape were analyzed with the help of the NDVI derived from the GF-1 multispectral imagery. The effective irrigated tuntian area was estimated to be 2, 800 ha and the maximum irrigated tuntian area was found to be more than 8, 000 ha during the area’s most prosperous period. The overall spatial pattern of Milan’s tuntian landscape was explored using the patch-corridor-matrix model. The features and functions of tuntian landscape elements in MODES were discussed in detail. Milan tuntian system reveals the basic organization pattern of the ancient Tuntian in Xinjiang, and provides a solid foundation for understanding the military, cultural, economic and geopolitical values of ancient tuntian system for China frontiers.This study partly reveals the original appearances of the Road, Defense and Supply subsystems during the Han-Tang Period. The results have important scientific significances for studying the change of Silk Road, the evolution of oasises and environments, the development of ancient military strategy, and provide advanced method references for the active discovery, automatic identification and extraction of archaeological sites and digital reconstruction of cultural heritages and its supporting environment. Space archaeology of the ancient Silk Road promotes the crossing development of Silk Road studies, dunhuangology, archaeology, history, geography, geopolitics, and other disciplines. The results of this study can serve for the construction of One Belt and One Road, extended inscription of other sections of Silk Road, development of the space archaeology and monitoring and conservation of the cultural heritages. |
| 中文关键词 | 丝绸之路 ; 空间考古 ; 屯戍遗址 ; 邮驿系统 ; 汉长城 ; 遥感 ; 景观分析 |
| 英文关键词 | Silk Road Space Archaeology Tunshu Post Road，Han Great Wall Remote Sensing Landscape Analysis |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287811 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 骆磊. 丝绸之路（南道）屯戍遗址空间考古研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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