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| 新疆裸重唇鱼和斑重唇鱼的系统地理学研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Phylogeography of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii and Diptychus maculatus |
| 李国刚 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 赵凯 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 晚新生代以来，青藏高原和天山的剧烈隆升不仅形成了现代新疆的地形地貌，也改变了该地区的气侯和生物分布格局。裂腹鱼亚科（Schizothoracinae）鱼类被认为是研究生物演化与青藏高原隆升关系的理想素材。为了揭示新疆地区裂腹鱼的演化与青藏高原和天山强烈隆升之间的关系，我们首先对该地区内陆河土著鱼类资源进行调查，最终选取新疆裸重唇鱼（Gymnodiptychus dybowskii）和斑重唇鱼（Diptychus maculatus）这两个广布种为研究对象，联合多个线粒体和核基因序列进行系统地理学研究，同时提出古南塔里木河曾经存在的假说并加以验证。主要研究结论如下：（1）、我们于2010和2013年对新疆塔里木河、伊犁河和准噶尔三大内陆河水系土著鱼类资源进行全面调查，共采集鱼类标本923尾，分属 1目2科5属15种，均为中亚高山复合体的裂腹鱼和高原鳅（Triplophysa）。其中，塔里木河水系13种（8种特有），伊犁河6种（2种特有），而准噶尔水系仅有4种，表现出明显的地域性差异。与历史记录相比，土著鱼类组成种类与分布范围均明显减少；两个优势种新疆裸重唇鱼和斑重唇鱼（分别占总渔获物数量16.0%和23.9%）的体长体重明显减小；未采集到扁吻鱼（Aspiorhynchs laticeps）和银色裂腹鱼（Schizothorax （Racoma） argentatus）。（2）、新疆裸重唇鱼的样本采自新疆地区三大水系：开都河，伊犁河和准噶尔盆地。线粒体DNA（16S rRNA和Cyt b）和核基因（RAG-2）分析结果都表明互为单系的三个支系与三大水系一一对应。估算的分化时间（95% 置信区间为2.4-3.7Mya）支持三大支系是由青藏高原和天山急剧隆升、塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠扩张引起地理隔离所产生这一假说。贝叶斯曲线（Bayesian skyline plots，BSP）揭示了三个支系的种群历史动态：开都河支系和伊犁河支系在第四纪晚期经历了瓶颈效应和种群扩张，而准噶尔支系在全新世经历了种群衰退。基于保护目的，我们认为这三个支系应作为三个物种，或者至少作为三个进化显著单元（Evolutionarily significant units，ESUs）来加以保护。（3）、斑重唇鱼样本（261尾）采自青藏高原北部的印度河、伊犁河和塔里木河三大水系。联合线粒体DNA（16S rRNA、Cyt b和D-loop）和核基因（RAG-2）进行系统发育分析，结果得到四个支系：印度河、伊犁河、北塔里木河和南塔里木河。该结果支持我们提出的古南塔里木河曾经存在的假说。分子钟估算的分歧时间（95%置信区间为1.5-2.5Mya）支持四大支系是由青藏高原和天山急剧隆升和塔克拉玛干沙漠扩张引起地理隔离产生的这一假说。系统地理学分析发现，除了印度河支系，其它种群在更新世晚期和全新世均经历了瓶颈效应和种群扩张。所有种群在近1千年以来都经历了急剧衰退。通过对新疆裸重唇鱼和斑重唇鱼的比较系统地理学分析，我们认为各支系异域分化都是由青藏高原和天山急剧隆升和沙漠扩张引起地理隔离所产生的。各支系种群历史动态差异显著，反映出不同地理区域的气候变化不同。近期各地理种群均急剧衰退，干旱化和沙漠化以及人类活动干扰是主要原因。 |
| 英文摘要 | Since the late Cenozoic, the extensive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and Tien Shan has not only formed the topography and geomorphology of the modern Xinjiang, but also changed the climate and the biological distribution pattern of the region. The schizothoracine fish is considered as the ideal model to study the relationship between biological evolution and the uplift of the QTP. In order to reveal the relationship between the evolution of Xinjiang native fish and the uplift of QTP and Tien Shan, we firstly conducted survey to evaluate the local fish source, and then explore the phylogeography and historical demography of two widely distributed species, Gymnodiptychus dybowskii and Diptychus maculatus, combining mtDNA and nuDNA sequences. And we proposed the hypothesis that the South Tarim River has indeed existed in history. The main results are as follow:(1) To comprehensively evaluate the local fish biodiversity, we conducted survey on the native fish species in the three inland river systems of Xinjiang in 2010 and 2013. From 30 sampling sites near Tien Shan in Xinjiang province, totally 923 specimens were collected and decided to 1 order, 2 families, 5 genera and 15 species. The fish biodiversity was relatively higher in in Tarim River, including 13 species and 9 endemic species; 6 species and 2 endemic species in Ili River; only 4 species identified in Junggar river system. Neither Aspiorhynchs laticeps nor Schizothorax (Racoma) argentatus was found in the wild. (2) We evaluated the phylogeography and historical demography of the cyprinid fish Gymnodiptychus dybowskii (subfamily Schizothoracinae) across three Northern QTP river systems in the Tien Shan range: the Kaidu River, Ili River and Junggar Basin. Results from both mtDNA (16S rRNA and Cyt b) and nuDNA (RAG-2) resolved three reciprocally monophyletic clades, one in each of the three river basins. Estimated divergence times (HPD 2.4-3.7 Mya) are consistent with the hypothesis that these three clades are products of vicariance resulting from the intensive uplift of QTP and Tien Shan, and from expansion of the Taklimakan and Gurbantunggut deserts. Several lines of evidence indicate dynamic demographic histories for the three clades, with late Quaternary population bottlenecks and expansions in the Kaidu and Ili rivers and, possibly, a Holocene decline in the Junggar Basin. For conservation purposes, the three clades should be treated as species or minimally, as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). They have experienced decades of anthropogenic disturbance and preservation of the three species/ESUs will require more sustainable management of the aquatic resources.(3) We sequenced the mtDNA (16S rRNA, Cyt b and D-loop) and nuDNA (RAG-2) in 261 samples of Diptychus maculatus (subfamily Schizothoracinae) across three river systems in the northern QTP and Tien Shan range: the Indus River, Tarim River and Ili River. However, four reciprocally monophyletic clades were resolved: Indus River, Ili River, North Tarim River and South Tarim River, resulted from both mtDNA (16S rRNA, Cyt b and D-loop) and nuDNA (RAG-2). This supported the hypothesis that the South Tarim River had indeed existed in history. The estimated divergence times were 1.5-2.5 Mya, which was consistent with period of the intensive uplift of QTP and Tien Shan as well as expansion of the Taklimakan Desert. From the genetic data, the dynamic demographic histories of Diptychus maculatus showed that all other clades/subclades, except Indus River, experienced the population bottlenecks and expansions in late Pleistocene and Holocene. All BSPs indicated that the species experienced a decline since a few thousand years.Conclusively, the comparative phylogeography and historical demography of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii and Diptychus maculatus implied that the allopatric divergence was likely associated with the vicariance caused by the rapid uplift of Tien Shan and QTP and desert expansion. The differences in population structure and demographic history reflected climatic differences. The aridification and desertification as well as anthropogenic disturbance caused the recent decline of all populations. |
| 中文关键词 | 新疆裸重唇鱼 ; 斑重唇鱼 ; 系统地理学 ; 青藏高原和天山 ; 干旱化和沙漠化 |
| 英文关键词 | Gymnodiptychus dybowskii Diptychus maculatus phylogeography Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Tien Shan aridification and desertification |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 动物学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287758 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李国刚. 新疆裸重唇鱼和斑重唇鱼的系统地理学研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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