Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 黄土塬区玉米高产高效栽培及其生理生态基础研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Eco-physiological Basic Research of High-yield and High-efficient Maize Cultivation on the Loess Plateau of Northwestern China |
| 王小林 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张岁岐 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 化肥、地膜覆盖和高密度栽培的应用，促使黄土塬区玉米产量得到大幅度的提高。然而，长期的、大量的化肥投入、地膜应用和高密度栽培导致了土壤结构和养分环境恶化，基础地力逐年降低，造成玉米产量停滞不前。合适的品种，配合科学的施肥管理措施，能够更大限度地发掘玉米的产量潜力和稳定产出。通过对比玉米品种的形态和竞争特性，为发掘玉米产量和 WUE 潜力提供生态学理论支持。将植株个体生长特性与土壤-植物-大气水分连续体中水分平衡理论相结合，通过对传统耕作方式中栽培密度、化肥管理技术和有机肥配施方式的优化，深层次地发掘优化模式对土壤基础肥力的固持能力，对玉米生理、生态特性的促进能力及产量稳定、可持续提升的潜力，以期为旱区农业可持续发展奠定理论和实践基础，主要结论如下： （1）、品种混作优化玉米根系发育，增强根系导水率(K r )，促进根系对土壤水分、养分的吸收和运输能力。地下生长的相互作用促进玉米 0-30 cm 土层根长密度（RLD）的增加，限制根系冗余生长，促进地上部干物质积累及向籽粒转移。混作密度是产量（10-16%）和 WUE（5-14%）波动性增长的主要原因。在轻度干旱年份（2012），品种互作有利于耐旱性玉米 Z958 的植株生长和籽粒发育。 （2）、混作密度增加是品种间相互作用强度增加的主因，且 S16 具有较强的资源获取能力和空间侵占力，导致其在高密度混作中较高的 AYL 和增产潜力。而且，高密度混作下群体 LER 大于 1，AYL 保持正值，表明 Z958 和 S16 具有明显的混作优势和较高的土地利用效率，具有保障玉米产量和 WUE 稳定增长的潜力。S16 较强的竞争力，促成较高的地上部生物量和庞大的根系，但单株籽粒产量存在一定程度的损失。Z958 具有更加灵活的混作适应性，较小的种内竞争和耐旱性，是高密度栽培下产量和 WUE 稳定可持续增加的基础。（3）、连续配施有机肥，显著降低表层土壤 SBD，有利于玉米根系对 50-150 cm土壤水分吸收和利用。有效保存生育期后期土壤表层残留养分，促成年际间 N、P 和 SOM 38.3%、330.4%和 50.2%最大增长率。 （4）、配施有机肥形成良好的土壤养分、水分环境，促进 0-40 cm 土层 RLD 的显著增加，有助于玉米根系对土壤水分的有效吸收即 K r 的显著提升，为茎流速率的增加，叶片光合水分需求奠定充足的水分基础。有机肥增强单株玉米水分利用能力，促进植株生物量积累与分配，有助于玉米单株干物质从茎秆到籽粒的转化速率，最终，实现产量 5-10%和 WUE 3-8 %的连续稳定增加。充分证实有机肥具有改善土壤水、肥时效性，促进水分在玉米植株中的高效循环，保障高密度玉米栽培下植株生产力的可持续增加。 （5）、栽培密度、化肥管理技术结合有机肥配施（SY-O 和 EY-O）有效缓解化肥对土壤结构和环境的副作用，为 SOM、N 和 P 的有效储存提供优越的土壤环境，降低 N、P 的淋溶流失，提高土壤养分利用效率。优化后的化肥管理策略配施有机肥，增加了玉米对中层土壤 (50-150 cm) 水分的高效吸收和利用，同时保证浅层 (0-50 cm) 土壤对雨水资源的保存、下渗，保证深层 (150 cm 以下) 土壤稳定的水分收支平衡。 （6）、土壤水分、养分环境的改善，促进 0-40 cm 土层中的根系分布，同时，伴随单株玉米叶面积 (LA) 和地上部生物量显著增加，为光合产物合成和籽粒灌浆奠定坚实的生物学基础。有机肥对根系生长和冠层发育的巨大影响，优化了植株地上部、地下部的生长格局。有机肥连续配施相对于单独化肥施用，可有效维持灌浆期 K r 的稳定增加。结合 SY-O 和 EY-O 中茎流速率(SFR)的增加和较长的输水活力，有机肥有效改善了植株中的水分过程，从而调节营养和生殖生长之间同化物的合理分配。 （7）、长期的传统栽培(TP)和单施化肥模式(HY)栽培，破坏土壤结构，影响土壤水分、养分储存和利用，造成土壤退化及基础地力降低。化肥管理技术配施有机肥栽培（SY-O 和 EY-O），产量逐年显著增加，且 EY-O 增加幅度略高于 SY-O。较高的栽培密度配施有机肥，通过优化土壤环境，提升玉米根系对土壤水分和养分的吸收，保证了玉米产量可持续、稳定增加的同时，保障土壤环境和土壤生产能力的恒定。较高的栽培密度、化肥管理策略和有机肥配施合理配合，降低高密度栽培下单株玉米的产量损失，实现玉米群体产量、WUE 相对于传统模式 75%和 71%的平均增长率，同时优化土壤基础肥力和土壤环境。EY-O 模式可作为参考，解决黄土塬区半干旱农业生产中由于长期施用化肥造成的产量、WUE 停滞不前问题，充分发挥密度、化肥管理和有机肥配施的增产增效潜力，实现粮食增产与土壤环境优化的双赢，保证农业生长的可持续发展。 |
| 英文摘要 | Organic manure application has been neglected in recent years, reflecting the rapid replacementof this compound with synthetic fertilizer. Furthermore, massive chemical fertilizer input, plastic film wide application and high planting density have caused soil degradation and crop yield stagnation, particularly in semiarid region of China. The yield potential under organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer and planting density still has promotion space. Therefore, the exploration of the positive and restorative effect of organicmanure on the soil water-nutrient status, maize physiological-ecological growing traits and stable-sustainable productivity is urgently needed. Three field experiments were conducted at semi-arid region of Northwest China (on the Loess Plateau) for three aims as follow: (Ⅰ) A two-year field experiment of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars planted alone or mixed planting with two different densities to determine the difference of morphological traits and competitiveness between the two mixed maize cultivars, and its effects on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE).（Ⅱ）Aimed for explanation the effect of organic manure and planting density on soil water-nutrients status, maize root growth, shoot development and plants water eco-physiological properties, finally on the maize stable and sustainable yield production. Field experiment was conducted at three plant densities combined with organic manure application from 2011 to 2014.（Ⅲ）Field studies were conducted in five consecutive seasons (2011-2015) based on the main conclusions from above two experiments, the impact of optimized chemical fertilization strategies and extra organic manure input on the sustainable production in maize, water cycle in SPAC (Soil-Plant-Atmosphere continumum) and the soil properties was determined. Seven treatments were arranged under four stand densities, correspondingly different fertilizer managements and extra organic manure input, finally, to verify our hypothesis that extra organic manure input combined with suitable planting density and optimaized-chemical fertilization strategies could improve soil water and nutrients use by maize plants, which able to be a assistancefor single-plant biomass distribution, then for stable and sustainable maize yield and water use efficiency, the main results showed as: (1). K r of both maize cultivars in a mixture increased and contributed more to soil water uptake compared to that in monoculture, which directly associated with the increase of RLD in 0-30 cm soil layer. Low root biomass with high shoot biomass, i.e., lower root-to-shoot ratio in the mixed system indicated that root redundant growth and inefficient resource utilization was decreased. Importantly, the fluctuant increase of yield (10-16%) and WUE (5-14%) in a mixture attributed to the mixed planting density and the improvement in maize plants growth and grains development. (2). Increasing mixed planting density resulted in interactive intensity aggravated with the significant increase in CR and A, showed as S16>Z958. Population AYL was increased mainly because of AYL of S16 increase, especially at high mixed density, furthermore, when S16 mixed with Z958 at 75,000 plants ha-1, LER and AYL in population-level were increased and indicated a mixed advantage of land use and grains production. Finally, the interaction between two maize cultivars caused that the yields of Z958 and S16 increased by 6.5% and WUE by 12% averagely over two years. Z958 showed more flexible and adaptable root system and weaker competitiveness which could provide a solid ecological foundation for stable and sustainable yield production in high planting density. (3). When organic manure appliedinfour continuous years, soil structure and deeper SWC (50-150cm) uptake was improved in a semi-arid of China. The topsoil nutrient content at maturity stage as N, P and SOM were significantly increased by 25.1%, 198.3% and 41.0% over three years, respectively. The surplus of soil nutrients after maize harvested was efficiently saved and this played an important role for high yield production in the following season. (4). Based on the soil water-nutrient status was improved, soil environment was better for root growth as the significant increase of RLD in 0-40 cm soil layer which supported the increase of K r and soil water uptake improving under extra organic manure input, correspondingly, stem sap flow rate (SFR) increased which predicted an efficient canopy transpiration and leaf water use. After that, the maize growth and biomass allocation into shoot and grains increased and supported by decrease in RSR and increase of HI. In conclusion, the WUE increased by 5-16%, and this increase was positively associated with continuous increase by 11-24% in grain yield, which reflected the improvement of soil water-nutrients status under organic manure, and guaranteed the sustainability of cropproduction. (5). Cultivation practices as SY-O and EY-O improved topsoil envirenment which ensured SOM, N and P increased sustainably, accompanying, soil water use in 100-150 cm depth increased significantly, meanwhile the stability and balance of soil water in 0-100 and below-150 cm soil layer were maintained efficiently in SY-O and EY-O. (6). Higher planting density, optimized chemical fertilization technologies combined with extra organic manure input in EY-O and SY-O, obtained RLD in 0-40 cm soil profile and total RSA increase with single-plant K r increased during grain filling stage, however, RW in 0-100 cm soil layer was suppressed. Combined with the improvement of stem flow rate (SFR) in single-plant, we concluded that extra organic manure application increased water uptake by root and efficient transferring in shoot, which guaranteed the canopy requirement of water and nutrient. Consequently, LA and shoot biomass of single-plant in SY-O and EY-O increased which established a solid foundation for photosynthetic product and grains filling rate, and then adjusted biomass allocation into above- and belowground part, i.e. RSR decreased significantly in SY-O and EY-O. When the organic manure applied in consecutive years, RSR decreased in EY-O year to year, because of soil water-nutrients environment improved which allowed small root system and great shoot development. (7). Basic on the improvement of shoot growth, number of ears and grain number per m2 increased significantly in SY-O and EY-O, mean of grain yield and WUE increased by 75% and 71% averagely over five years compared with that in only chemical fertilizer use and lower planting density. Extra organic manure application mitigated unnecessary yield loss in high planting density and supplied a sustainable productivity in single-plant level and population-level, then provided a friend way for dry land farm management. Finally, organic manure increased grain yield stably among tested years in SY-O and EY-O. Finally, the systematic expression of EY-O can be a valuable reference for the stable increase in yield and WUE at semi-arid farming region, and then realizing a win-win event of grain yield increase with soil environment improved. |
| 中文关键词 | 高产高效栽培 ; 有机肥 ; 土壤水肥状态 ; 生物量分配 ; 产量稳定性 |
| 英文关键词 | High yield and efficiency cultivation，Organic manure， Soil water-nutrients status， Biomass allocation， Yield stability |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287754 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王小林. 黄土塬区玉米高产高效栽培及其生理生态基础研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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