Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 黑河中游地下水系统演化与模拟 | |
| 其他题名 | Groundwater system evolution and modeling in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin |
| 米丽娜 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 王新平 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 在西北干旱半干旱内陆河，地下水资源不仅是珍贵的主要饮用水，更是重要的环境驱动因子，对社会经济的可持续发展至关重要。过去几十年，由于人类活动，尤其是与农业灌溉相关的大规模水资源开发，加上水资源短缺，黑河中游流域地下水系统时空分布特征也发生了很大变化。因此，研究地下水系统演化及其驱动机制对黑河流域水资源可持续管理非常关键。本文旨在揭示黑河中游流域地下水系统演化过程与机制，探索土地利用变化及其地下水水文效应，认识地下水循环转换的规律。在全面概述国际、国内及黑河流域水资源相关研究进展的基础上，深入分析了黑河流域地表水资源在中下游间及中游内部渠系田间再分配的现状、存在的问题及其后果；在基本了解近30年不同区域地下水水位时空分布变化的同时，基于GIS、地统计Kriging插值技术提取了地下水水位降深空间分布，结合达西定理扩展的储量估算方法估算并分析了地下水储量变化；利用土地覆被动态度和转移矩阵评价了整个中游流域土地利用类型在数量和转移方向上的变化，并结合地下水模拟结果初步评估了土地利用变化对地下水位、地下水补给和排泄主要因子的影响；在地下水系统建模方面，根据地质、水文地质状况构建了研究区的地下水概念模型，并基于三维有限差分原理利用Modflow-2000将概念模型转化为数值模型，模拟了地下水资源变化。结果表明：1. 近30年黑河中游地下水资源演化在时空上表现出很大的异质性，其演化过程可分为三个阶段：1985～1997年匀速下降阶段，1998～2004年加速下降阶段，2005～2013年减速下降阶段，呈现下降和回升两极发展趋势。冲洪积扇群带地下水最大下降达 17.41m，而黑河干流沿岸地下水位最大回升3.3m，地下水埋深普遍增加了1.0～3.0ｍ。张掖盆地地下水位下降幅度高于酒泉东盆地，1985～2013年整个张掖盆地总地下水储量减少了47.52×108m3，年均减少1.64×108m3。其中，河水井水灌区年平均地下水位降深达0.20 m·a-1，累积储量约减少了37.48×108m3，占整个盆地总减少量的78.87%，地下水资源严重亏缺。2. 从土地利用变化的数量、速度和转化方向进行了分析，发现人工绿洲区张掖盆地耕地面积变化最突出。1990～2010年，耕地总面积从285.02×104亩增加到359.10×104亩，增长了25.99%；土地利用动态度从1.26％减小为0.97％，说明耕地扩展得到了一定的限制；分水前耕地增加以开垦未利用土地资源为主，而分水后新增耕地资源主要来源于未利用土地、林地、建设用地。土地利用变化对地下水位的间接扰动作用非常大，对降水和渠系入渗补给影响较大，对田间入渗补给和潜水蒸散发量影响不明显。3.通过地下水模型模拟，发现不同应力期地下水的流向基本与地表水流向一致，酒泉东盆地、张掖盆地冲洪积扇中上部及河流入渗补给地下水地带，地下水流速增大，平原区及北山山前流速基本没有变化；从地下水地表水交互因子看 ，1995-2009年，降水入渗补给从0.946×108m3减少为0.591×108m3，渠系入渗补给从7.98×108m3增加到8.29×108m3，田间灌溉水入渗补给从2.37×108m3减少为2.13×108m3，蒸散发量从6.2×108m3减少为2.69×108m3，地下水开采量从 1995年的1.74×108m3快速增加到了2002年的5.03×108m3，自2003年地下水开采量增速减缓。地下水模型较好地再现了中游流域及山丹-马营盆地无数据区的地下水系统及各补、排交互因子的变化。4. 人类活动对地下水系统的影响逐渐掩盖了气候变化的影响成为黑河流域地下水系统演化的主要驱动因素。水资源分配不均衡是地下水系统扰动的根本原因，耕地扩展是地下水系统演化的主要扰动因素之一，而地下水开采则是地下水系统变化的加速器。扩耕增采地下水加速了地下水位/水量下降，而限耕限采地下水使地下水位/水量下降速率减缓。地下水系统及地下水地表水交互转化的自然功能在退化，急需恢复地下水盆地的天然交互过程。针对地下水系统演化过程中存在的问题，提出了优化分水方案、地下水盆地恢复等策略，也对论文在撰写过程中存在的不足作了总结，对下一步需要展开的工作进行了展望。 |
| 英文摘要 | In the arid and semi-arid inland river basins in northwest China, water resources are not only valuable for human usage, but also one of important environmental factors and, are vital to the sustainable development of socio-economy. Human activities, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic well-irrigated agriculture and water scarcity in the last decades, temporal and spatial distributions and characteristics of groundwater have undergone a tremendous change in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. So，investigation of the evolution of the groundwater system and its mechanisms is critical to the sustainable management of water in Heihe River Basin.In order to reveal the processes and mechanisms of groundwater system in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin, preliminary explore the land use change and its groundwater hydrological effects, and the law of groundwater cycling, this paper analyzed the present status, problems and its consequences of surface water resources allocation between the middle and lower reaches, re-allocation among canal system and field of the inner part of the middle reaches profoundly. Based on the basic understanding of nearly 30 years of temporal and spatial distribution variation of the groundwater level over different partitions, GIS and Geostatistical technology of Kriging interpolation was used to extract the spatial distribution of groundwater level drawdown, combined with storage estimation method extended from Darcy’s theorem calculated and analyzed the groundwater storage variations; Evaluated the quantity and transfer direction of land use over the whole basin using the indexes of land use dynamic and transfer matrix, preliminarily assessed the effects of land use change on groundwater table and the main factors of groundwater recharge and discharge coupled with the groundwater simulation results; On the aspect of groundwater system modeling, a conceptual model was built according to the geological and hydrogeological conditions, and converted to numerical model using the Modflow-2000 on the basis of 3D finite difference principle, groundwater resources variations was simulated. The results showed that:1. Groundwater resources evolution exhibited great spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the middle reaches over the nearly 30 years. The processes can be divided into three stages: 1985 ~ 1997 uniform decline phase, 1998~2004 accelerated decline phase, and 2005~2013 decelerated decline，and developing to decline and back-up at both poles. The groundwater level reached a maximum depth of 17.41 m in the upper and middle parts of the alluvial fan， with a maximum rising (3.3m) along the main Heihe River, groundwater depth generally increased by 1.0 ~ 3.0 m. The decline range of Zhangye Basin is greater than the Jiuquan Basin. From 1985 to 2013, the accumulative groundwater storage of Zhangye Basin decreased nearly 47.52 × 108 m3, annual average depletion rate reached 1.64 ×108 m3·a-1. Among which, the annual mean groundwater level drawdown of the River & Well water mixed irrigation district reached 0.20 m·a-1, and the accumulative storage decreased by 37.48×108m3, accounted for about 78.87% of the total groundwater decrease, groundwater depleted seriously. 2. Analyzed from the amount, speed and direction of land use change, it was found that the cultivated land area of the Zhangye Basin in artificial oasis prominently changed. During 1990～ 2010, the total cultivated land area increased from 285.02×104mu to 359.10×104mu, increased by 25.99%; Land use dynamic decrease from 1.26% to 0.97%, showed that the cultivated land expansion got certain restrictions; Before the water diversion, cultivated land increase is given priority to reclaiming unused land resources, while water after the water diversion, newly expanded cultivated land mainly came from unused land, forest land and construction land. Land use change had a great indirect disturbance on groundwater level, and a bigger influence on the precipitation and channel infiltration, the effect on the field infiltration and diving water evapotranspiration was not very obvious.3. Through groundwater simulation, it was found that the flow direction of groundwater was the basically the same as surface water flow direction during the different stress stage. Groundwater flow rate increased in the upper and middle of the alluvial fan and river infiltration recharge zone of the eastern Jiuquan basin and Zhangye Basin, and little change in the plain and the piedmont of Beishan mountain; Among the interaction factors of groundwater and surface water, it was showed that from 1995 to 2009, the precipitation infiltration recharge reduced from 0.946×108m3to0.591×108m3，canal system infiltration increased from 7.98×108m3 to 8.29×108m3,field irrigation water infiltration reduced from 2.37×108m3 to 2.13×108m3，evapotranspiration reduced from 6.2×108m3 to 2.69×108m3，and groundwater exploitation increased quickly from 1.74×108m3 to 5.03×108m3 in 2002, slowed down since 2003. The groundwater model better revealed the groundwater system variation of the whole middle reaches and no data region of Shandan-Maying basin, and the variation of groundwater surface water interaction factors.4. The influence of human activities on the groundwater system gradually covered the impact of climate change, and become the drivers of groundwater system evolution in the Heihe river basin. Water resource allocation imbalance is the root cause of the groundwater system disturbance, cultivated land expansion is one of the main disturbance factors, and groundwater exploitation is the accelerator. The increase of cultivated land and groundwater abstraction accelerated groundwater level/storage decline, and the restriction of them slowed down the groundwater level/storage decline. Natural function of groundwater system and the interaction and transformation between surface water and groundwater was degraded, it was urgent to restore the natural interaction process of groundwater basin.Aimed at the problems existing in the groundwater system evolution, strategies of optimized water diversion policy, groundwater basin recovery, etc. were put forward, shortages existed in the writing process of this paper was also summarized and, the need for next work was prospected. |
| 中文关键词 | 过程与机制 ; 地下水系统 ; 土地利用变化 ; 地下水模拟 ; 黑河流域 |
| 英文关键词 | process and mechanism， groundwater system， land use change， groundwater modeling， Heihe River Basin |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287721 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 米丽娜. 黑河中游地下水系统演化与模拟[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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