Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 沙米驯化初步研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Preliminary domestication of Agriophyllum squarrosum |
| 赵杰才 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 产祝龙 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 沙米Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq.为苋科藜亚科一年生草本，广泛分布于中亚干旱和半干旱沙区，是流动沙丘和裸露沙地的先锋防风固沙植物。沙米具有较高的食用、保健和药用价值。在唐朝武则天时代，曾作为西北驻军的补充军粮；清朝《康熙几睱格物编》中记载沙米“性暖，益脾胃，易于消化。好吐者食之，多有益。作为粥滑腻可食，或为末可充饼饵茶汤之需。向来食之者少，自朕试用之，知其宜人，今取之者众”。沙米现为闻名的地方美食。至今人类未能成功驯化沙米，所用沙米均采自沙漠，对自然环境造成极大的破坏并影响到沙米产业的持续发展。我们开展历史文献考证、沙米饮食文化调研、沙米遗传资源收集、繁殖和比较，用物理及化学方法诱导沙米突变，期望筛选株型松散但茎秆坚韧的突变体用于防风固沙驯化方向，筛选株型紧凑无尖刺的突变体用于农田栽培驯化方向，在沙地及非沙地同时开展沙米驯化，以期将来在沙区和黄土高原区推广沙米种植。本研究主要结论如下：1、《子虚赋》中的“东蔷”不是沙米，而是水蓼；《魏书》里的“东牆”也不是沙米，可能是荞麦。至目前为止，沙米均为野生，没有被驯化成农作物。沙米有深厚的饮食文化底蕴。《本草纲目．谷二．东廧》中“东廧”通《子虚赋》中的“东蔷”和《魏书》里的“东牆”，可见其“东廧”也不是沙米。现今以沙米为原料的食品主要有炒沙米、沙米炒面、馍馍、糕点、珍子面、羊肉霍了饭、羊肉转刀面、沙米醋和酒等。2、沙米野生群体具有丰富的表型多样性，这一定程度上反映其有丰富的遗传多样性，其中多伦县南群体具有最大的千粒重，是沙米驯化育种的良好材料。本研究采集了来自新疆、青海、甘肃、宁夏、3232.19和辽宁的31个沙米野生群体，基本上可以代表我国沙米主要野生资源。沙米种子千粒重介于0.6450-2.1604 g之间，最轻者为阜康大沙蒿群体，最重者为多伦县南群体；株高介于18.77-42.65 cm之间，最矮为临泽板桥镇直河群体，最高为敦煌鸣沙山群体；主茎直径介于0.15-0.37 cm之间，最细为阜康大沙蒿群体，最粗为都兰县群体；地上生物量介于3.11 g到32.19 g之间，最轻为克什克腾旗群体，最重为都兰县群体。沙米种子代谢组包含106个代谢物，其中有10%差异代谢物与环境适应性有关，例如柠檬酸相对含量，科尔沁沙米高于腾格里沙米，而环亮氨酸相对含量，科尔沁沙米高于腾格里沙米。沙米和藜麦种子有显著的代谢差异物，这些差异代谢物从一定程度上反映出沙米是理想的药食同源食物，另外也反映了其生境差异。3、沙地和黄土地兼可种植沙米。沙米野生群体在中科院沙坡头站的引种栽培相对成功，各群体对沙坡头站自然环境的适应性不同，但都能完成生活史，产生饱满可育种子。与沙地相比，沙米在黄土地上引种驯化难度较大，主要体现在出苗难。经过3年非沙土的驯化栽培，成功培育3个适应黄土生长的品系，目前可获得750公斤/公顷左右的产量。4、EMS诱变是沙米种子诱导突变较好方法，用其筛选突变体是可行的。本研究从573个经EMS诱变的M2株系中已经筛选到表皮毛突变体、单秆突变体和早熟突变体各1株。X射线辐射诱变的半致死剂量为450Gy，高于一般植物；重离子辐射诱变的半致死剂量高于160Gy，也高于一般植物，表明沙米种子的抗辐射能力较强。EMS诱变的半致死剂量为0.67%，低于一般植物，表明沙米种子对EMS诱变较敏感，而且EMS诱变方法不需大型设备，简单易行。 沙米驯化初步研究从历史考证、饮食文化调研入手，开展我国沙米资源野外考察和种质资源收集和比较、诱导突变、突变体筛选及农田栽培等研究。结果表明：沙米驯化研究符合国家生态文明建设和粮食安全战略需求，有良好的遗传资源基础，用物理及化学方法诱导突变切实可行，筛选到理想突变体可能性大，沙米可在沙地及黄土地栽培，并可获得一定产量。本项研究将为进一步沙米驯化提供理论依据和技术支撑，为沙区的生态文明建设和国民经济发展做出贡献。 |
| 英文摘要 | Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. is a pioneer annual psammophyte in moving sand dunes and bare sandy lands, which belongs to subfamily of Chenopodiaceae of Amaranthaceae and distributes wildly in arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. The seed has a high value of nutrient, health care and medicine and was supplemental military provision of northwest stationary force during Empress Wu’s period. Kangxi ji xia ge wu bian wrote by Emperor Kangxi mentioned sand rice as ‘it is good for spleen and stomach and easy to digest. It is good for people who has a sick disease. The congee made from sand rice tastes velvety. After my eating then people begin to eat it’. Now days sand rice is a delicious local cuisine. Haven’t been domesticated yet, all of the sand rice consumed is collected from desert, causing great pressure to environment and industry’s future development. We began our work from researching history literatures, surveying sand rice’s cuisine in distribution areas, collecting and breeding genetic resources, then we use physical and chemistry methods to mutate selected seeds. We expected to find compact, thorn-less mutant for easy harvest, also loose and toughness mutants to control wind and fix sand. We started to domesticate sand rice in both sand soil and no-sand soil, hoping for extending cultivation in both sandy areas and loess plateau. The main results are as follows:1. In zi xu fu ‘dong qiang’ is not sand rice but Polygonum hydropiper. In wei shu ‘dong qiang’ may be buckwheat. From our research sand rice is wild and hasn’t been domesticated as a crop yet. There are deep food culture of sand rice. ‘Dong qiang’ in Compendium of Materia Medica is cited from zi xu fu and wei shu, so it is not sand rice either. Nowa days there are many local cuisine made from sand rice, such as fried sand rice, fried sand rice flour, steamed bread, pastry, vinegar, spirit and all kinds of noodles.2. There is abundant phenotype diversity in wild populations of sand rice, which reveals there is abundant genetic diversity of sand rice populations. The population South Duolun has heaviest 1000-kernal weight (TKW) and could be precious material for breeding and domestication. We collected 31 populations from Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, which can be represent main resources of sand rice in China. TKW of sand rice is between 0.6450-02.1604 g, the heaviest population is South Duolun and the lightest population is Fu kang Dashahao. Plant hight is between 18.77-42.65 cm, the tallest and lowest population are Dunhuang Mingshashan and Zhihe Linze respectively. Stem diameter is between 0.15-0.37 cm, the thickest and thinnest populations are Dulan and Fukang Dashahao respectively. Above-ground biomass is between 3.11-32.19 g, the heaviest and lightest populations are Dulan and Keshiketeng respectively. There are 106 metabolites in sand rice, of which 10% are related to environmental adaptability. There are significant metabolites between sand rice and Quinoa, from which we could conclude sand rice is a ideal edible and medicinal food.3. Both sandy area and loess areas can cultivate sand rice. Introduction cultivation is relatively success in Shaopotou station. Though there are difference of suitability among populations, they can finish life cycles and produce full and fertile seeds. It is more difficult to cultivate sand rice in loess area than sandy area and the main difficulty is hard to emerge seedlings. We successfully breed 3 strains suit to loess environment spending 3 years’ s no-sand soil cultivation, which yield can reach 750 kg/ha.4. EMS is a better and feasible method to induce sand rice mutation.We have got 1 epidermal hair mutant, 1 single-branch mutant and 1 precocity mutant from 573 M2 strains induced by EMS. The lethal dose 50 of X ray radiation induction of and rice is 450 Gy, higher than common plants. The lethal dose 50 of Heavy ion radiation is higher than 160 Gy, also higher than common plants. The lethal dose 50 of EMS is 0.67%, lower than other plants, which reflects and rice is sensitive to EMS.We started our work from searching historical documents and sand rice’s food culture, collecting and selecting genetic resources. By inducting and screening mutans and cultivation, the results shows: domestication of sand rice meets the demand of ecological and cultural construction and suit to national food security strategy. There are abundant phenotype diversity in collected populations of sand rice. By using physical and chemical induction, we got 3 useful mutants. Both sandy areas and loess areas can cultivate sand rice and can get 750 kg/ha yield. The research could provide academic and technical support to next domestication and breeding of sand rice and make contribution to ecological and cultural construction and national economy development. |
| 中文关键词 | 沙米 ; 驯化育种 ; 引种栽培 ; 辐射诱变 ; EMS诱变 |
| 英文关键词 | Agriophyllum squarrosum (sand rice) domestication and breeding introduction cultivation radiation induction EMS induction |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287715 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 赵杰才. 沙米驯化初步研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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