Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 古尔班通古特沙漠中小尺度植被组成、结构及空间格局研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Vegetation composition, structure and spaital distribution pattern at middle and small scales in the Gurbantongut Desert |
| 石亚飞 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 张志山 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定和半固定沙漠，降水稀少、土壤贫瘠、植被组成简单、生态环境脆弱。维持古尔班通古特沙漠植被多样性与生态稳定对当地经济发展与居民的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。近年来的环境变化和人类活动，如油田、水渠、公路等工程建设，以及生态恢复引入外来种等对古尔班通古特沙漠植被组成及生存环境造成了很大影响。因此，全面开展植被组成、种群大小结构以及空间分布格局研究具有重要意义。本研究在古尔班通古特沙漠选择固定、半固定、流动三种典型沙丘，沿沙丘的地形走向设置调查样地，收集气象和地下水资料，调查每块样地的植被，量化了每块样方的地形数据，研究了不同类型沙丘的植被组成，比较了三块样地的多样性指数与相似性指数。通过大小结构代替年龄结构的方法分析了三块样地的优势种灌木大小结构，预测了种群发展趋势以及外来种可能对群落的影响，利用RDA分析等方法探究了区域尺度和样地尺度植被空间分布格局，以期对当地物种多样性保护、群落稳定性维持、生态恢复提供理论支撑。本研究主要结果如下：（1） 三种沙丘样地植被组成、多样性和相似性固定沙丘样地调查到26种植物，半固定沙丘样地共调查到24种植物，流动沙丘样地共调到25种植物，三块样地的植被组成总数差别不大。三块样地的Margarlef丰富度指数、Shonnon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数反映了一致的规律，即三个指数在半固定沙丘样地最高、流动沙丘样地次之、固定沙丘样地最小。半固定沙丘与流动沙丘的植被组成相似性最大，半固定沙丘与流动沙丘样地的植被组成相似性其次，流动沙丘与固定沙丘样地的植被组成相似性最小。（2） 优势种大小结构与种群发展趋势在固定沙丘样地梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和白梭梭（H. persicun)均大量分布，两者株高、冠幅、体积大小结构反映出一致的规律，即幼龄个体多，龄级越大数量越少，老龄个体数量最少，属于稳定型年龄结构。半固定和流动沙丘样地的种群大小结构相似。其中白梭梭为稳定型年龄结构，白皮沙拐枣(Calligonum leucocladum)和蛇麻黄（Ephedra distachya）为衰退型的年龄结构，油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为增长型的年龄结构。作为外来种的油蒿能够适应半固定和流动沙丘的环境，且生态位与白皮沙拐枣重合，在未来有可能形成对白皮沙拐枣的替代。（3） 中小尺度植被分布格局在区域尺度上，三块样地的植被盖度存在显著的差异：固定沙丘样地（54%）>半固定沙丘样地（41%）>流动沙丘样地（30%）；地上部草本生物量表现为：固定沙丘样地>半固定沙丘样地>流动沙丘样地，其中固定和半固定沙丘样地的与流动沙丘样地存在显著差异；凋落物表现为：固定沙丘样地>半固定沙丘样地>流动沙丘样地，三块样地间存在显著差异。在小尺度上，三块样地的灌木的分布与样方的海拔普遍存在较大的相关关系，与坡度、坡位的关系不明显；草本分布主要与样方地形因子的关系较为复杂，与样方的海拔相关性最大，普遍呈现出负相关；三块样地的草本分布与样方的坡度普遍存在负相关关系，坡度较小的样方，草本分布相对较大；草本的分布与坡向的相关关系不明显；地上部草本生物量、凋落物与地形相关关系不明显。 |
| 英文摘要 | The Gurbantunggut Desert, in terms of area, is the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, with scarce precipitation, low soil fertility, simple vegetation composition, and fragile ecological environments. It is crucial to maintain the vegetation diversity and ecological stability in the Gurbantunggut Desert for the economic development, production, and livelihood of local residents. In recent years, the changing environment and increasing human activities had strongly affected the composition and structure of vegetation communities and the engineering construction (such as oil field, water channel, highway) in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The serious threats for the vegetation survive environment come from the exotic invasive species, which imported via the ecological restoration engineering. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the vegetation composition, the size and structure population and its distribution pattern is called for in the Gurbantunggut Desert. In the present study, experimental plots were set up on the fixed dunes, semi-fixed dunes, and moving dunes, respectively. All plots were settled along the ridge of the dune. In each plot, we investigated the vegetation metrics, collected the meteorological and groundwater data, and quantified the topograp of each quadrats. To study the vegetation composition and diversity characteristics of the different types of dunes, the vegetation diversity index and similarity index were compared. Using the size of plant height, crown and volume of dominant shrub’s populations, rather than age and size structure, we analyzed the population development trends and predicted the possible impact of exotic species on vegetation communities. RDA analysis methods were used to study the vegetation distribution patterns at both regional and plot scale. Thus, this study is expected provide comprehensive data that is useful for the protection of species diversity, the sustainable of communities stability, and the ecological restoration. The main results of the present study are summarized as follows:(1) Characteristics of the composition of vegetation, the diversity, and the similarity in three dune typesIn fixed dune, semi-fixed dune, and moving dune, we have investigated 26, 24, and 25 plant species, respectively. Little variations was found between the richness index of Margarlef, the diversity index of Shonnon-Wiener, and the homogeneity index of Pielou. For vegetation composition similarity, semi-fixed and moving sand dunes showed the maximum, and the semi-fixed dunes and mobile sand dunes is in the middle, mobile sand dunes and fixed dunes showed the minimum. (2) The relationship of the size-structure of dominant species with the development trend of populationLarge numbers of Haloxylon ammodendron and H. persicum were distributed in fixed dune, and their height, crown diameter, and size-structure were in a similar pattern. Both species were distributed with the maximum number in young individuals, and the number decreased with increasing age. These belong to the stable age structure. The size-structure in semi-fixed dune and moving dune were similar. H. persicum was in the stable age structure; Calligonum leucocladum and Ephedra distachya were in declining age structure; however, Artemisia ordosica was in an expansive age structure. As the exotic species, A. ordosica can adapt to the moving dune and its ecological niche overlapped with C. leucocladum. Therefore, in the future, C. leucocladum may be replaced by A. ordosica.(3) The distribution pattern of vegetation at different scales At the regional scale, the vegetation coverage of three dune types have significant differences. The vegetation coverage in the three dunes were 54% in fixed dune, 41% in semi-fixed dune, and 30 in moving dune, respectively. The biomass of herbaceous in the three dunes also showed a significant difference. The largest herbaceous biomass was in fixed dunes, and the minimum was in moving dunes. Meanwhile, the litter content in the three dunes exhibited significant difference with the order of fixed dune > semi-fixed dune > moving dune. At a small scale, the distribution of shrub in the three dunes showed significant relationships with altitude factors, while no significant differences with the degree of slope and slope position. Meanwhile, the distribution of herbaceous species in the three dunes showed significant negative relationships with the altitude and the degree of slope, More herbaceous species were distributed in locations with finer degree of slope. In addition, the distribution of herbaceous species showed no significant relationship with the slope position. |
| 中文关键词 | 古尔班通古特沙漠 ; 植被组成 ; 种群大小结构 ; 分布格局 |
| 英文关键词 | the Gurbantunggut Desert species composition population size structure distribution pattern |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287700 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 石亚飞. 古尔班通古特沙漠中小尺度植被组成、结构及空间格局研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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