Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 生态政策对库布齐沙漠土地利用格局的影响及其生态效应 | |
| 其他题名 | Effects of Ecological Policies on Land Use and Ecosystem Service Value in Hobq Desert |
| 赵敏敏 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 周立华 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 库布齐沙漠位于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市境内，沙漠化不但影响了周边农牧民的生产生活，而且是京津地区沙尘暴的主要来源。自2001年以来，在该区域实施了一系列生态政策，改变了农户的土地利用行为，进而影响到区域土地利用格局，并产生了一定的生态效应。探讨生态政策的效益，有利于改进生态政策，为区域土地利用管理策略提供借鉴和支持。本文主要从以下三方面展开了研究：通过参与式农村评估法及累积Logit模型分析了禁牧政策对农户土地利用行为的影响，以解释土地利用格局的变化机制；运用CA-Markov模型模拟了非政策干预情景下的土地利用格局，并与政策干预情景下的实际值进行了对比，定量分析了生态政策对土地利用格局的净效应；运用生态系统服务价值评估法，评估了生态政策引起的生态效应。得到的主要结论如下：1）禁牧政策对农户的土地利用行为产生了较大影响。实施禁牧政策后，农户的土地利用行为发生了变化：在耕地利用行为方面，农户扩大了耕地总种植面积和饲草种植面积；在草地利用行为方面，农户缩小了饲养规模，并提高了舍饲程度，减轻了草地利用程度。但是不同的禁牧类型对不同土地利用行为的影响程度不同：季节休牧的农户选择增加耕地总种植面积及饲草种植面积的概率较高，而全年禁牧的农户选择减小饲养规模及提高舍饲程度的概率较高；2） 禁牧政策通过影响农户的草地利用行为而间接影响农户的耕地利用行为。禁牧政策降低了农户的养殖效益，季节休牧的农户受影响程度低于全年禁牧的农户，其缩小饲养规模的程度较小，而饲养规模的缩小程度与饲草种植面积的增长程度负相关，因此季节休牧农户的饲草种植面积增幅较高。此外，禁牧补助也对农户的土地利用行为产生了影响，季节休牧农户的补助标准低于全年禁牧的农户，因此季节休牧的农户选择通过扩大耕作行为来增加家庭总收入的概率更高；3）实施生态政策可以优化土地利用结构。1989—2013年杭锦旗的耕地面积、林地面积及建设用地面积持续增加，其他未利用地面积与沙地面积持续减少，草地面积与水域面积先增加后减少，其中实施生态政策后（2001—2013年）土地利用的优化程度显著高于实施生态政策前（1989—2001年）。运用CA-Markov模型模拟了非政策干预情景下2013年的土地利用格局，与政策干预情景下的值进行对比后量化了生态政策的净效应。结果表明实施生态政策可以显著提高林地面积的增长速度——政策干预情景下的林地面积比非政策干预情景下提高了9.26×104hm2；4）农户的土地利用行为影响了宏观土地利用格局。实施生态政策后农户扩大了耕地种植面积，降低了草地利用程度，因此农户的耕地面积增长了0.83hm2·户-1，草地面积减少了6.99hm2·户-1，这与实施生态政策后（2001—2013年）宏观土地利用格局的变化方向相一致。但是受到调查方法的限制，农户的土地利用变化程度与宏观土地利用格局有所差异：实施生态政策后农户的耕地动态度为2.71%，增加程度高于宏观土地利用格局的0.03%；农户的草地动态度为-0.61%，降低程度高于宏观土地利用格局的-0.24%；5）生态政策可以通过优化土地利用格局，促进生态系统服务价值增长。1989—2013年杭锦旗的生态系统服务价值持续增长，其中实施生态政策后（2001—2013年）生态系统服务价值的增长速度高于实施生态政策前（1989—2001年）。根据土地利用数据，模拟了非政策干预情景下的生态系统服务价值，与政策干预情景下的值对比后量化了生态政策的净效应。结果表明政策干预情景下的生态系统服务价值比非政策干预情景下提高了21.49亿元，其中气体调节功能及土壤形成与保护功能的生态系统服务价值增长较为突出，这对杭锦旗的生态恢复有重要意义。虽然生态政策取得了一定的效益，但仍存在诸如长期生态效益与短期经济利益不协调、布局规划滞后、生态政策效益分布不均及政策不配套等问题，本文对此进行了初步分析，并提出了相应的对策建议。 |
| 英文摘要 | Hobq Desert, which is located in Erdos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region influences peasant households’ livelihood to a large extent，at the same time, it is the main source of sandstorm in Beijing and Tianjin. A series of ecological policies were carried out in Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region since 2001, which have made obvious impacts on many aspacts of this region. Ecological policies changed the ways how residents use the lands, and then land use patterns together with its ecological effects changed also. Assessing the net effects of ecological policies is of key importance in improving regional strategies of land use management. Thus, several researches were done: firstly, in order to explain the mechanism of land use change, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and cumulative logit model were hired to analyze how the residents’ land use behaviors were influenced by ecological polices; secondly, CA-Markov model was used in simulating land use patterns without ecological polices intervention, then the simulated results and the actual results were compared to quantitatively reveal the net effects of ecological polices in influencing land use patterns; finally, based on assessment method of ecosystem service value, the ecological effects of ecological policies were also assessed. The results of those researches show that:1) Prohibiting grazing policy has made obvious effects on peasant households’ land use behaviors since it was implemented. After implementing prohibiting grazing policy, peasant households extended the total farmland area and forage area, meanwhile, the amount of breeding has shrunk with the increasing proportion of barn feeding, which decreased the intensity of using grassland. But different patterns of prohibiting grazing policies play different parts in changing different land use behaviors: seasonal prohibiting grazing policy makes relatively bigger influence on peasant households’ farmland use behaviors, while yearly prohibiting grazing policy influences grassland use behaviors more;2) Prohibiting grazing policy indirectly affected peasant households’ ways using farmland by influencing the ways of using grassland. This policy diminished households’ profits: compared with households in yearly prohibiting grazing zones, their counterpart in seasonal prohibiting grazing zones were influenced less and the shrinking amount of feeding were also smaller. As the shrinking amount of feeding has negative correlation with the increasing of forage area, grassland area in seasonal prohibiting grazing zones increased more. Besides, the prohibiting grazing subsidy could also influence land use patterns, the amount of the subsidy in seasonal prohibiting grazing zones are relatively less, thus, those households tend to expend farmland area to increase financial income;3) Ecological policy could optimize the structure of land use. From 1989 to 2013, the forest area, water body area and construction area increased continuously, other unused land area and sand area decreased continuously, and grassland area and waterbody area first increased then decreased. The optimization degree of after implementing ecological policies (2001-2013) was higher than that of before implementing ecological policies (1989-2001). Then, CA-Markov model was used to simulate land use patterns without policies intervention. The comparison between simulated land use patterns and actual land use patterns with policies intervention showed that the area of woodland increased 9.26×104hm2. In a nutshell, implementing of ecological policies could improve growth velocity of woodland;4) Peasant households’ land use behaviors influenced macroscopic land use types. After implementing ecological policies peasant households increased farmland area, decreased the intensity of using grassland, thus peasant households’ farmland increased by 0.83hm2 per household, and grassland decreased by 6.99 hm2 per household, which had the same trend with that of macroscopic land use types after implementing ecological policies (2001-2013). But confined by the method of participatory rural appraisal, the degree of peasant households’ land use changes was different with that of macroscopic land use changes: after implementing ecological policies the dynamic degree of peasant households’ farmland was 2.71%, which was higher than that of macroscopic land use types (0.03%), at the same time, the dynamic degree of peasant households’ grassland was -0.61%, which was higher than that of macroscopic land use types (-0.24%), too;5) Ecological policy could stimulate growth of ecosystem service value by optimizing land use patterns. From 1989 to 2013, the ecosystem service value kept increasing, among which, the increased extent of ecosystem service value from 2001 to 2013 is much higher than that from 1989 to 2001. Based on the land use data, the ecosystem service value without policies intervention was simulated with CA-Markov model. Then, the result was compared with actual value with policies intervention. The results showed that implementing ecological policies improved the ecosystem service value by 21.49×108 yuan than that of without policies intervention. In the aspect of single ecosystem service value: the increasing of gas regulation function and soil formation & protection function were more outstanding, which was of great importance to local ecosystem restoration.Though ecological policies acquiring some benefits, there are still problems, such as the incoordination between long term ecological benefits and short term economic benefits, the lag of layout, the unbalance of distribution of ecological policies benefits and the mismatch of ecological policies, the corresponding suggestions were put forward also. |
| 中文关键词 | 土地利用变化 ; 生态系统服务价值 ; 生态政策 ; 库布齐沙漠 ; 杭锦旗 |
| 英文关键词 | land use changes ecosystem service value ecological policies Hobq Desert Hangjinqi |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287699 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 赵敏敏. 生态政策对库布齐沙漠土地利用格局的影响及其生态效应[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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