Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 黑河流域垦殖绿洲时空演变及驱动力分析 | |
| 其他题名 | Spatial-temporal Change and Driving Forces of the Cultivated Oasis in the Heihe River Basin |
| 唐霞 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 冯起 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 绿洲是干旱区的精华所在，其稳定延续直接关系到区域社会经济可持续发展。绿洲在人类活动和自然环境变化的双重作用下经历了复杂的演变过程，特别是近代以来，随着人类活动强度和频度的加强，严重干扰了流域水循环转化方式和绿洲的自然演变过程，而每一次流域水循环的改变都会驱动新一轮绿洲格局调整。黑河流域是西北内陆绿洲形成演变和水土资源开发利用具有较好代表性的流域。本研究基于长时间尺度深入剖析黑河绿洲的形成演变过程及其驱动机制，可以为绿洲水土资源的合理开发利用与绿洲化建设提供理论支持和政策依据。在前人研究成果的基础上，将历史文献、历史地图集和重建的水文、气象等数据资料相结合，构建了一套长时间序列的气候、水文、旱涝灾害、人类活动和社会经济数据集，以流域水资源开发利用为纽带，基于重建的黑河历史时期垦殖绿洲的空间分布格局，定量化分析了垦殖绿洲的时空演变与气候变化、出山径流量、旱涝灾害演化以及人类活动之间的关系，辨析出历史时期垦殖绿洲演变的主要驱动因子并探讨其内在作用机制；另外，依据水热平衡原理建立了黑河流域适宜绿洲数学模型，对黑河干流中游垦殖绿洲的适宜规模进行测算。本研究的主要内容和结论如下：1、参考历史地理学研究的理论和方法，将历史文献分析、气候变化重建方法、水文重建方法、旱涝灾害重建方法、耕地面积重建方法综合应用于黑河流域，建立了一套长时间序列的气候变化、水文、旱涝灾害、人类活动和社会经济数据集，为定量化研究黑河流域绿洲演变驱动因素提供了数据基础。2、系统梳理了黑河流域水资源管理机构与管理制度历史变迁的过程，为现代流域综合管理提供了可以借鉴的历史经验与启示。根据不同时期灌溉农业发展的特征，将黑河流域过去2000多年的水资源开发利用过程划分为四个阶段：逐水安居阶段（西汉之前）、初步开发利用阶段（西汉—元代）、迅猛发展期（明清时期）和全面开发利用时期（1949—至今）。通过对比分析农业经济政策的演进、灌渠分布、耕地面积、人口数量、灌溉用水量的变化，表明流域水资源开发利用具有波动性、层积性发展的特征。3、为了评价调水政策对黑河流域水资源开发利用情况的影响，考虑从流域水资源开发利用条件、经济发展与用水以及流域水环境压力3个角度出发选取了6个指标构建流域水资源综合压力指数，对黑河流域分水后（2000-2010年）的水资源压力状况进行分析。结果表明：黑河流域近11a来水资源综合压力指数较高，但总体呈下降态势，从2000年的0.58逐步降到2010年的0.28。多年来黑河流域的综合治理包括节水型社会建设等措施卓有成效，但地下水位不断下降、生态环境缺水严重、农业用水比重过高等问题仍未缓解。4、黑河流域历史时期垦殖绿洲时空演变的驱动机制具有“屯垦因素＋水资源条件与气候”的交互作用特征。流域人口迁移、大规模的民族战争、农业技术水平的进步、水利基础设施的增加以及旱涝灾害的发生等因素共同驱动着黑河流域历史时期垦殖绿洲的时空演变。与现代绿洲演变的驱动因素相比，流域出山径流量不是历史时期垦殖绿洲演变的驱动因素。 5、在黑河流域水资源开发利用与垦殖绿洲演变的研究基础上，利用黑河干流中游地区1954～2012年水文气象资料及黑河流域2011年土地利用数据，采用水热平衡原理建立了适宜绿洲规模计算模型。在流域不同来水情景和保证下游用水达到生态恢复目标的前提下，确定了在丰水期、平水期和枯水期黑河干流中游的适宜绿洲规模。 |
| 英文摘要 | Oasis is the essence of arid region, where stability is directly related to the continuation of the oasis region socio-economic sustainable development. Oasis in the dual role of human activities and natural environmental changes undergone complex evolution process, especially in modern times, with the strengthening of human activity intensity and frequency of severe disruption of natural water cycle and watershed transformation of the way the evolution of the oasis, and every hydrological cycle changes will drive a new round oasis pattern adjustment. Based on a long time scale-depth analysis of the formation and evolution process and its driving mechanism Oasis can provide theoretical support and policy basis for the rational development and utilization of Oasis Construction oasis soil and water resources.In this paper, literature review and reconstruction of the data on the basis of previous research results, to build a long sequence of climate change, hydrology, droughts and floods, human activity and socio-economic data sets to water resources development and utilization of river basin ties, based on historical reconstruction period Heihe oasis reclamation spatial pattern of the quantitative analysis of the temporal evolution of the oasis reclamation and climate change, the relationship between mountainous runoff, droughts and floods as well as the evolution of human activities, and the establishment of appropriate Heihe River Basin oasis mathematical model of the middle reaches of the Heihe River oasis suitable scale reclamation estimates. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:1、By theories and methods of historical geography studies, historical literature analysis, climate change and the reconstruction method, hydrology comprehensive reconstruction method used in the Heihe River Basin, the establishment of a long sequence of climate change, hydrology, drought and flood disasters, human activities and social economic data set for the quantitative study of oasis in Heihe River Basin evolution drivers provide a data base.2、Analyzing the data of population, exploitation and utilization of water-land resources, irrigation channels distribution and changes in water resources in the Heihe River Basin, which were collected from the local historical ethnographies and historical geography information. Based on the research result the evolutional processes of water resources utilization can be divided into four periods in the whole time: (1) the natural balance period before the Han Dynasty, the water was used by ethnic minority; (2) form the Western-Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the irrigation agriculture was developing and the water resources were not the limited factor of economic development; (3) with the growth of population and developing water conservancy, its antinomy between people and water was intensified during the Ming and Qing Dynasty; (4) form the establishment of the People’s Republic of China to 2000, the increasing of population quantity and the strengthening of water-land development are the main driving force of water shortage. Water allocation has been a focus problem and its influences scope to ecological system and leads to the sharp conflicts of water dissension.3、The water resources press indicators system was developed from the following three aspects: water resources quantity pressure, water resources economic pressure and water environmental pressure. Then, this indicator system was used for calculating water resources pressure index in Heihe River from 2000 to 2010. Results showed that water resource pressure index in Heihe River was high but generally was decreasing over years. The index of water pressure has fallen from 0.58 in 2000 to 0.28 in 2010. This was attributed to the integrated river basin management including the water-saving society construction. However, further measures are still needed to decrease water use in agriculture and increase ecological water use.4、Heihe River Basin oasis driving evolution historical period has the "settlement + water conditions and climatic factors" interaction characteristics. Overall, the migration factor Basin, a large-scale national war, improving the level of agricultural technology, as well as increased occurrence of droughts and floods of water conservancy facilities and other co-drive the evolution of the historical period in Heihe River Basin oasis. Compared with the drivers of the evolution of modern oasis, mountainous runoff is not a historical period in the evolution of the oasis of glebe developing restricting factors.5、In the development and utilization of water resources in Heihe River Basin Reclamation oasis development and evolution of research basis, Upriver (east of Heihe River water system) region oasis for the object, based on water and heat balance principle, the establishment of appropriate mathematical models oasis. Runoff under different scenarios and ensure that water reaches the downstream ecological restoration goals premise. |
| 中文关键词 | 垦殖绿洲 ; 时空演变 ; 驱动因素 ; 适宜规模 ; 水资源综合压力指数 ; 黑河流域 |
| 英文关键词 | cultivated oasis spatial-temporal change driving forces water resources pressure index suitable scale Heihe River basin |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 人文地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287697 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 唐霞. 黑河流域垦殖绿洲时空演变及驱动力分析[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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