Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 西部典型贫困地区农村生计变化及相关效应研究—以甘肃秦巴山区为例 | |
| 其他题名 | STUDY ON THE CHANGES OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD'S LIVELIHOOD AND RELATED EFFECTS IN THE TYPICAL WESTERN POVERTY AREAS——A CASE STUDY OF QINBA MOUNTAIN AREA，GANSU |
| 孙贵艳 | |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 刘毅 ; 王传胜 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 20世纪90年代以来，农村贫困、农村发展问题受到国际广泛关注。生计概念的提出为研究者提供了观察和研究发展中国家农村扶贫、环境保护等农村发展问题的视角。在此背景下，本文以西部典型贫困区—陇南市为研究对象，对陇南市农村生计资本的时空变化，生计策略的时间变化、影响农户生计变化的因素，以及农户生计变化引起的土地利用、生态环境、经济社会的变化进行了分析，并提出了促进陇南市农户可持续发展的策略。最终得出以下结论：（1）陇南市农村生计的时空变化。首先，整体上，在改革开放以前，陇南市农村居民以粮食种植为主，经济条件落后，生活贫困；改革开放以后，农户生计实现由单一的粮食作物种植为主的“生存型”转向以经济作物种植为主的“发展型”。从五种生计资本来看，主要表现为：人均耕地面积减少、参与土地流转的农户增多，以及特色农业种植面积增加；农村居民家用耐用消费品增多，农业生产条件、居住条件都得到改善；农村劳动力中从事二三产业的人数增加，农村受教育程度不断得到提高；农村居民收入不断提高；农村居民对外联系更为便捷，农村合作组织也获得快速的发展。陇南市生计多样化指数呈增加的态势。对于生计资本与生计策略，除自然资本中人均耕地面积的变化规律是与生计策略的变化规律相反外，其他生计资本的变化规律与其大致相同。其次，在区县层面上，陇南市的生计资本呈上升的趋势，除了西和县以外，其余区县的生计资本总体上是增加的。除了2005-2013年康县的生计多样化指数呈现减少的趋势外，1999-2013年，陇南市各区县的生计多样化指数都呈现增加的态势。乡镇层面上，大部分乡镇的生计资本都呈增加的趋势，各乡镇的生计资本空间差异十分显著，空间聚集特征明显。农户层面上，半山干旱区、川坝河谷区、高寒土石山区、徽成盆地生计资本状况中，徽成盆地的生计资本最高，高寒土石山区的生计多样性较高。（2）陇南市农村生计变化的影响因素。宏观层面，首先，分析扶贫政策、退耕还林（草）政策、工业化与城镇化、自然灾害等对农户生计产生的影响。其次，采用多元回归模型分析发现，农民人均纯收入、二三产业比重、人均耕地状况、四级以及四级以下公路的发展、农业机械化程度都会对农户生计多样化水平有影响。微观层面，利用多层次模型探析了农户层次、村庄层次的因素对总体上、不同区划区的农户生计多样化产生的影响。其中，高寒土石山区的农户生计多样化指数变异中33.55%是由农户居住村庄的不同引起的，相比于其他区域，村庄之间的差异对生计多样化指数的影响最大。（3）农村生计变化的相关效应。土地利用方面，随着退耕还林（草）等政策的实施，耕地主要转化为林地、草地，导致它们面积呈增加的态势。从景观格局上，表现为景观破碎化程度提高，空间上呈均衡化发展趋势。从土地利用方式上，表现为种植结构的优化升级。从乡村聚落演化方面，逐渐向交通要道、河流聚集的趋势。生态效应方面，陇南市的植被覆盖状况得到改善，且生计多样性的提高对植被盖度的变化起到正向显著影响；水土流失得到遏制；总体生态状况得到改善，但面源污染以及局部环境依然堪忧。经济社会方面，表现为消费结构向服务型消费转变；农村基础设施得到改善，小康实现程度不断提高，村庄呈现“空心化”现象。（4）为了实现陇南市农村生计的可持续发展，还需要继续落实国家优惠政策，加大金融支持力度；发展特色农业，构建适宜、多样的农业发展策略，加强基础设施建设、加大教育投入、加强农民技能培训与输转，继续推动电商扶贫等。 |
| 英文摘要 | Rural poverty and rural sustainable development has received widely international attention since 1990s. Then the concept of livelihood was put forward, and provided researchers with a perspective to observe and study the rural poverty reduction, environmrntal protection and other rural development issues in developing countries. In the background, this paper took Longnan city, the typical western poverty area as the study object to study the spatial and temporal changes of rual livelihood capital and livelihood strategies, and analyze the influencing factors of rural livelihood change, and research the changes that caused by rural livelihood change, such as land use change, ecological environment change, social and economic change, and put forward the strategies of promoting the rural sustainable development of Longnan city. Finally we draw the conclusions as followed.(1)The spatial and temporal changes of rual livelihoods in Longnan city. Firstly, on the whole, rural residents were given priority to plant grain in Longnan city, economic conditions were backward, and the household’s lives were poverty before reform and opening up. Since Reform and Opening Up, rural livelihood achieved the “survival type” dominated by cereals planting tuned into “development type’’ dominated by economic crops planting. From the point of five livelihood capital, the changes mainly showed that reduction of per capita arable land, increased farmers involved in land circulation, as well as the characteristic agriculture planting area increased; rual household’s consumer durable goods increased, agricultural production conditions and living conditions were improved; more and more rural labor force engaged in the secondary and tertiary industries, the level of rural education was improved; Per capita net income of rural residents was improved; more convenient for contact with outside world, and rural cooperative organization also obtained fast development. For the livelihood strategies of Longnan city, the analysis found that the livelihood diversification index showed an increasing trend. For rural livelihood capital and livelihood strategies, in addition to the change rule of the per capita arable land area of natural capital is contrary to the change rule of livelihood strategy, the change rule of the other livelihood capital is roughly the same as the change rule of livelihood strategy.Secondly, at the county level, the livelihood capital of Longnan city were on the rise, inaddition to Xihe county, and the livelihood capital of remaining counties was generally increased. In addition to 2005-2013 Kang livelihood diversification index showed a decreasing trend, 1999-2003 2013, the district and county of Longnan City livelihood diversification index were presented increasing trend.At the township level, the livelihood capital of the majority of the villages and towns was increased. The spatial difference of living capital of the villages and towns was very significant. At the household level, among mid-arid areas, chuan-dam-river valley area, alpine rock mountain, Huicheng basin, the livelihood capital of Huicheng basin was the highest, the livelihood diversification index of alpine rock mountain was the highest.(2)The influencing factors of rural livelihood change in Longnan city. At the macro level, firstly, this paper analyzed the impact of poverty alleviation policy, the policy of returning farmland to forest and forest (grass), industrialization and urbanization, natural disasters on rural livelihoods. Secondly, the analysis also found that the per capita net income of farmers, the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries, the status of cultivated land per capita, four and four level highway development, the degree of agricultural mechanization all have an impact on the level of farmers' livelihood diversification by using the multivariate regression model. The micro level, this paper used multi-level model to nanlyze the factors of household and village level that affected rural livelihood diversification on overall, different district zoning. The result showed that 33.55 percent of rual livelihood diversification index variation in alpine rock mountain was caused by the different living villages, compared to other regions, the impact of the different among villages on the livelihood diversity index was the largest. (3)The correlation effect of rural livelihood change. Land use, along with the implementation of the policy of returning farmland to forest (grass), the cultivated land was mainly converted to forest land, grassland, which led to the increase of their area. From the landscape pattern, the degree of landscape fragmentation was improved, the space was balanced development. From the mode of land use, the result showed that the optimization and upgrade of the planting structure. From the evolution of rural settlement, it showed that gradually gathered in traffic arteries and rivers. Ecological effect, vegetation cover condition in Longnan was improved, and livelihood diversification played a significant positive impact on the change of vegetation coverage; Oil and water loss has been checked; overall, ecological status was improved, but non-point source pollution and local environment was still worrying. In the economic and social aspects, the consumption structure turned into the service consumption; rural infrastructure has been improved, well-off realization degree was unceasing, the village presented "hollow" phenomenon. (4)In order to realize the rural sustainable development in future, Longnan municipal government still needs to continue to implement the national preferential policies and increase financial support, to develop characteristic agriculture and build a suitable and diversified agricultural development strategies, to strengthen the construction of infrastructure, to increase investment in education, to strengthen farmers' skills training and transfer, and continue to promote the development of electricity and so on. |
| 中文关键词 | 农村生计变化 ; 相关效应 ; 生计资本 ; 生计多样性 ; 甘肃秦巴山区 |
| 英文关键词 | Rural livelihood change correlation effect livelihood capital livelihood diversification QinBa mountain area |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 人文地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287664 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 孙贵艳. 西部典型贫困地区农村生计变化及相关效应研究—以甘肃秦巴山区为例[D]. 中国科学院大学,2016. |
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