Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 黄土丘陵区生物结皮-植被斑块格局及其径流的源-汇效应 | |
| 其他题名 | Distribution pattern of vegetation and biocrusts and its effect on runoff in the hilly Loess Plateau region |
| 王一贺 | |
| 出版年 | 2015 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 赵允格 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 坡面土壤水分入渗及产汇流过程一直是黄土丘陵半干旱区土壤侵蚀与水土保持重要的研究内容。黄土高原退耕还林工程实施后，高等维管束植物恢复的同时，生物结皮大面积发育，成为该区坡面土壤水分入渗及产汇流过程的重要影响因素。通过对黄土高原6个降水量带生物结皮和植被分布格局的调查，研究不同类型的生物结皮和植物对土壤水分入渗的影响，探究其入渗差异的机理，并通过模拟降雨实验探究生物结皮-植被斑块间的源-汇关系，以期明确生物结皮-植被间是否存在源-汇关系，及这种关系与生物结皮的组成、高等植物种类、生物结皮与植被斑块的面积比、分布格局，来水量、坡度、坡长等环境因子之间存在的关系。为有效确定生物结皮-植被镶嵌分布坡面的雨后产流，明确坡面水文循环，从而因地制宜，合理利用当地的水肥资源促进植被恢复，促进生态健康发展提供科学依据。所得结论如下： 1）在黄土高原降水量250—550mm地区退耕地及自然荒坡上，维管束植物与生物结皮共同存在，呈镶嵌分布，生物结皮可视为被镶嵌体，植物为镶嵌体。维管束植物与生物结皮的盖度在250—550mm降水量带中具有显著的负相关关系。该降水量范围内，不同降水量带生物结皮盖度差异显著，但生物结皮各组分盖度差异不显著。 2）生物结皮和植物各自组内依种类的不同对入渗的影响是不同的。直根系植物的稳定入渗率高于对照，须根系植物与对照组的稳定入渗率差异不显著。总体而言，植物比生物结皮有更高的稳定入渗率。在雨后的水分再分配中，植物与其周围生物结皮含水量的差异主要体现在0-10cm土层，特别是0-5cm土层范围内。 3）生物结皮与植被间存在径流上的源汇关系，生物结皮为“源”，促进了径流的产生，植被为“汇”，减缓了径流的产生。坡面产流量随着生物结皮盖度与植物茎基的相对比值的增加而增加。生物结皮在降雨-产流生态过程中起到了正向的，增加的作用，具有“源”景观的性质，可以被认为是“源”景观。植被冠层能截留降水，同时增加入渗，减少产流，植物的地上和地下部分都对降雨产流这个生态过程起到了负向的、减少的作用，具有“汇”景观的性质，即植物在降雨产流过程中是“汇”景观。 4）实验条件下，雨强（60、90、120mm/h）可显著影响生物结皮-植被间径流的源-汇关系；坡长在2-10m范围时，坡长对该源-汇关系的影响是先促进后抑制，坡长8m可能是本实验的临界坡长。植被格局（随机、条带、聚集）和坡度（16°、25°）对生物结皮-植被间径流的源-汇关系无显著影响，但格局对径流量的影响呈现出聚集格局>随机格局>条带格局的趋势。 |
| 英文摘要 | Soil infiltration and runoff generation process are important research topics in the hilly Loess Plateau region. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) were extensively developed on the surface of revegetated lands after the implementation of the “Grain for Green” Project and became the important influence factors on soil water infiltration and runoff process. The distribution pattern of vegetation and biocrusts patches were investigated in six successive rainfall zones ranging from 250 mm to 550 mm in the Loess Plateau region in the study. The effects of different type of biocrusts and plant species on soil infiltration were measured and the mechanism of infiltration differences was analyzed. Then, the effect of biocrusts and vegetation patches were implored by simulated rainfall experiment so as to clear the runoff source-sink relationship between biocrusts and vegetation patches. In addation, the effect of biocrusts types, plant species, biocrust and vegetation plaque area ratio, distribution patterns, and intensity of precipitation, slope gradient and length were also implored. The results were as follows. 1) Biocrusts were developed in extensively in the revegetated lands in all of the rainfall zons investigated. The distribution pattern of vascular plants and biocrusts patches showed a mosaic pattern across the six rainfall gradients. Biocrusts were often distributed continuously within each site, while vascular plants often existed in patchys. Coverage of vascular plants and biocrusts has a significant negative correlation between the 250-550mm rainfall zones. Total percentage cover of biocrusts of different the rainfall range investigated were significant varied, however, no significant difference was observed in the community composition of biocrust along this gradients. 2) As respect to the influences on soil infiltratin, significant differences were found between biocrusts’ types as well as plants species. Generally, the soil under plants with tap roots exhibited higher stable infiltration rates than bare soil, while, the stable infiltration rates of soil under plants with fibrous roots did not showed significant difference compared with bare soil. Overall, infiltration potential of soils under varscular plants was higher than soils with biocrusts. Soil water content within the top 10 cm soil were siginificant influenced by the biocover after rain. 3) A “source-sink” relationship of runoff between biolcrusts and vegetation patches was observed in the study. Runoff was increased for the present of biocrusts during a rainfall event, thus biocrusts worked as a \ |
| 中文关键词 | 黄土高原 ; 生物结皮 ; 镶嵌分布 ; 入渗 ; 源-汇关系 |
| 英文关键词 | loess plateau biological soil crusts mosaic distribution infiltration source-sink relationship |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生物工程 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287585 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王一贺. 黄土丘陵区生物结皮-植被斑块格局及其径流的源-汇效应[D]. 中国科学院大学,2015. |
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