Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 祁连山青海云杉人工林组成结构及水文过程研究 | |
| 其他题名 | The Studies on Composition Structure and Hydrological Processes of the Qinghai Spruce (Picea crassifolia) Plantation in Qilian Mountains |
| 朱喜 | |
| 出版年 | 2015 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 何志斌 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 人工林对我国的生态环境建设和经济发展发挥着重大作用，祁连山地区自天保工程、退耕还林（草）工程等多个项目实施以来，该地区人工植被的面积有了大幅度的提高。但是由于长期以来缺乏科学的理论指导和可持续经营技术，该地区人工林体系也出现了土壤旱化、生物多样性降低、系统稳定性差等问题。如何增强人工林系统稳定性、缓解土壤旱化对该地区人工林可持续经营具有重要的意义。本研究以祁连山青海云杉人工林为研究对象，采用群落样地调查和定点观测等实验方法，获得了不同林龄青海云杉人工林组成结构、林下草本层生物量及多样性、林冠截留、树干液流以及林地土壤水分等数据。分析讨论了青海云杉人工林组成结构及水文过程，为人工林建设和管理提供基础数据和理论依据，主要研究结论如下： （1）青海云杉人工林林下草本层重要值较大的物种为圆柱披碱草、青海苜蓿、芨芨草、蒙古蒿、红棕苔草等，其物种丰富度总体表现为半阴坡（17.3 ±1.3）显著高于半阳坡（11.8±1.6）。在半阳坡，33年人工林林下草本层植物组成达到最大值，共计24种，分属11科17属，但香浓维纳指数（H）和均匀度指数（J）却在23年人工林最大，其值分别为为1.96和0.70；在半阴坡，45年人工林林下草本层植物组成达到最大值，共计30种，分属14科23属，但H和J却在35年人工林最大，其值分别为1.91和0.70。半阴坡林龄较小的人工林林下草本层生物量显著高于林龄较大的人工林林下草本层的生物量，如：45年人工林林下草本层生物量干重仅为35年人工林的48 %。 （2）林龄为29年，平均郁闭度为0.85的人工林，平均林冠截留率40.6±14.8%，林冠截留率的变化范围在1.44 %~75.31 %之间，具有明显的空间异质性；穿透降雨量（Tp）与总降雨量（Pp）呈显著的线性关系（Tp =0.56 Pp -0.25，R2=0.83，P＜0.0001）。而平均郁闭度为0.68的天然林，平均林冠截留率为35.1±20.7 %，林冠截留率的变化范围在-3.86 %~64.83 %之间；林内穿透降雨量与林外总降雨量也呈显著的线性相关（Tn=0.72 Pn -1.16，R2=0.94，P＜0.0001)。人工林截留率大于天然林，可能会造成人工林林地深层土壤水分的补给受到限制。 （3） 生长季青海云杉（平均胸径11.2 cm）和华北落叶松（平均胸径12.5 cm）树干液流日变化均呈“单峰”曲线，均在12：30至13：00达到最大值，其中华北落叶松的最大值为24.01±3.48 cm/h，而青海云杉的最大值为16.77±8.45 cm/h。生长季青海云杉的平均液流速率分别为8.73±3.10 cm/h，而华北落叶松的平均液流速率为20.21±1.56 cm/h。因此，华北落叶松在干旱区山地会消耗更多的水，大面积种植可能会导致深层土壤旱化。 （4）利用土壤水分自动监测仪，测定青海云杉天然林、无间伐和间伐强度为20 %的人工林地的土壤水分，对比分析间伐对人工林土壤水分的影响。结果表明：未间伐人工林林地表层（10 cm）土壤含水量显著高于间伐强度为20 %的人工林和天然林，间伐导致了人工林林地表层土壤水分下降，而显著提高了深层（60-80 cm）土壤含水量。与天然林地土壤含水量相比，无间伐人工林深层60 cm和80 cm处的土壤体积含水量仅为天然林的49.7 %和52.1 %，深层土壤已经出现旱化现象，而间伐措施能够减缓这种深层土壤旱化现象。 |
| 英文摘要 | In China plantation plays an important role in ecological environment construction and economic development. Since the implementation of projects Tianbao, returning the grain plots to forestry (grass) engineering and others, the area of artificial vegetation in Qilian Mountains has increased significantly. However, without the scientific guidence and sustainable management technology for a long time, soil degradation, biological diversity decline and weak stability of systerm are common problems in the afforested areas. How to enhance the stability of system and lesson the soil drought are of great importance to the sustainable management of artificial forests in the regions. We conducted a case study of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) plantations in the Qilian Mountains with the community sample plot survey and fixed-point observation. And we obtained the data of the composition structure of Qinghai spruce plantation in different age, the herb layer biomass and diversity, canopy interception, stem sap flow and soil moisture etc. We analyzed and discussed the composition structure and hydrological processes of the Qinghai spruce plantations, which can provide basic data and theoretical basis for the plantation construction and management. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) The larger important values of the herb layer in the Picea crassifolia plantations appears in Elymus cylindricusHonda, Medicago archiducis-nicolai Sirj, Achnatherum splendensNevski, Artemisia mongolicaNakai, Carex przewalskii Egorova, Potentilla supina L, Silene pterosperma Maxim, etc. And the species richness of herb layer in the semi-shady slops (17.3 ±1.3) was significantly higher than semi-sunny slops (11.8±1.6). In the semi-sunny slops, the composition of understory vegetation reached maximum in the 33 years plantation forests, which has a total of 24 species belonging to 17 genera and 11 families. But the largest shannon-wiener index (H) and the pielou index (J) appear in the 23 years plantation with a value of 1.96 and 0.70 respectively. In the semi-shady slops, the composition of understory vegetation reached maximum in the 45 years plantation forests, which has a total of 30 species belonging to 23 genera and 14 families. But the largest shannon-winner index (H) and the pielou index (J) appear in the 35 years plantation with a value of 1.91 and 0.70 respectively. In the semi-sunny slops, the biomass of the herb layer in the small forest age was significantly higher than the biomass of the herb layer in the large forest age. For example, the dry biomass of the herb layer in 45 years plantation was only about 48% of the dry biomass of the herb layer in 35 years plantation. (2) The canopy interception rate ranges from 1.44 % to 75.31 % and the average is 40.6±14.8 % in the plantation whose average age of plantation was 29 years and average canopy density was 0.85. There was an obvious spatial heterogeneity. There is a significant linear relationship between through rainfall (Tp) and total rainfall (Pp) (Tp =0.56 Pp -0.25，R2=0.83，P＜0.0001). While in the natural Picea crassifolia forest whose average canopy density was 0.68, the rate of canopy intercept ranges from -3.86 to 64.83 % and the average was 35.1±20.7 %. There was also a significant linear relationship（Tn=0.72Pn -1.16，R2=0.94，P＜0.0001)between through rainfall (Tn) and total rainfall (Pn). The canopy interception rate of plantation is greater than the natural forest, which may restrict the supply of the deep soil moisture in the plantation forest. (3) During the growing season, the daily variation of sap flow in Qinghai spruce plantation (average DBH=11.2) and Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (average DBH=12.5) presented a \ |
| 中文关键词 | 青海云杉人工林 ; 组成结构 ; 林冠截留 ; 树干液流 ; 土壤水分 |
| 英文关键词 | Picea crassifolia plantations Composition structure Canopy interception Sap flow Soil moisture |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 环境工程 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287556 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 朱喜. 祁连山青海云杉人工林组成结构及水文过程研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2015. |
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