Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| GRACE重力卫星监测中国西部地区水文变化及干旱灾害 | |
| 其他题名 | Detecting hydrological variabilities in western China and drought events using GRACE gravity satellites |
| 曹艳萍 | |
| 出版年 | 2015 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 程国栋 ; 南卓铜 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 目前，全球气候变暖已是公认的事实，且成为了国际热点问题。我国西部地区生态环境脆弱，是对气候变化响应最敏感的地区之一。气候变暖加剧了我国西部地区的冰川消融和冻土退化，已经改变了该地区的水资源结构，加剧其水资源的不确定性，所以针对该地区的水资源管理亟待更新。此外，该区域的地理位置决定了其水循环过程及水循环要素发生改变将会对全球气候变化及人类生活产生重要的影响。因此，研究全球变暖背景下，我国西部地区的水文变化时空分布特征，对阐明其水循环过程、应对和适应气候变化具有重要意义。气候变暖还将导致极端水文事件频发，造成一系列干旱洪涝灾害，基于遥感技术准确评估大尺度干旱灾害动态，尤其是监测缺乏实测水文气象资料区域的干旱事件，对国家工农业、社会经济及区域可持续发展至关重要。 随着Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)重力卫星的成功发射，高精度、高快捷获取陆地区域尺度的水储量及地下水的时空变化信息成为了现实。本文基于GRACE重力卫星数据、微波遥感数据、水文模型数据和气象站实测数据等资料，着重分析中国西部地区两个典型区域：西北干旱区和青藏高原的水文时空变化特征，探讨变化原因；并基于区域水文变化特征，利用GRACE重力卫星监测干旱区的干旱灾害事件。本文的创新点是借助重力卫星资料得到区域水储量总量时空动态变化信息并评估大尺度干旱灾害。经过比较全面深入的分析，得出的主要结论如下： （1）2002.08~2013.12期间，西北干旱区的水储量以1.7 mm/year的速率增加，与降水量的上升趋势相一致。北疆水储量在减少，速率是3.64 mm/year；南疆水储量在增加，速率是2.14 mm/year；河西-阿拉善的水储量以1.63 mm/year的速率增加。北疆水储量减少，主要归因于降水减少、天山区域的冰川近些年加速消融流失及越来越频繁的人类活动；南疆水储量增加，主要归因于降水增加、蒸散发减少、高亚洲冰川退缩导致更多冰川融水汇入南疆地区；河西-阿拉善的水储量增加与该区域降水增加、蒸散发量减少相关。 （2）近十多年中，南疆水储量的季节变化幅度明显大于北疆和河西-阿拉善地区；南疆和河西-阿拉善地区的土壤水在春夏季处于补给，秋冬处于亏损，而北疆的土壤水仅在春季处于补给状态；北疆雪水当量变化幅度最大，河西-阿拉善和南疆的雪水当量变化量接近零。 （3）2008和2009年，西北干旱区发生极端干旱事件，降水量少、气温高，水储量、土壤水、雪水当量等处于严重亏损状态；这两年生长期NDVI峰值明显低于其它年份生长期NDVI峰值。 （4）青藏高原的降水集中分布在5~9月份，水储量在7~10月份得到补给，土壤水6~9月份处于补给，雪水当量集中分布在每年的11月~翌年4月份。青藏高原土壤水与降水同步，水储量变化滞后降水1~2个月；雪水当量与水储量总量分布完全相反。 （5）2002.08~2013.12期间，三江源区和多年冻土区域的水储量呈上升趋势，速率分别是3.8 mm/year，4.5 mm/year；大片不连续多年冻土区域的水储量呈下降趋势，速率是-5.2 mm/year。三江源区水储量增加主要是由于区域降水、冰川消融水增多及冻土退化活动层加厚造成的。大片连续多年冻土区域的水储量增多与区域降水量增加、冻土退化导致的活动层加厚、蒸散发量减少等因素相关。大片不连续多年冻土区水储量减少与该区域降水量减少、冻土退化、冰川加速消融且流出研究区域、蒸散发量增多等因素相关。 （6）GRACE重力卫星能够有效监测干旱区发生的干旱灾害事件。a.利用相对水储量指数监测到新疆于2002年8月-2013年7月间共发生了7次干旱事件；GRACE相对水储量指数反映的新疆干旱情况和SPI-3监测结果、中国水旱灾害公报、干旱气象网中新闻报道的干旱事件一致。b.利用水储量总量亏损指数（TSDI）监测到西北干旱区在2003-2012年间共发生五次干旱事件，在2008.05-2009.12期间发生了一次长时序的严重干旱灾害事件，空间上，这次严重干旱灾害主要发生在新疆的西北地区；GRACE TSDI监测干旱灾害结果与新闻报道、他人研究成果及中国水旱灾害公报相一致；GRACE TSDI监测干旱灾害结果比传统干旱指标SPI监测干旱结果更符合实际情况，GRACE TSDI是一种集成干旱监测指数，即可以监测农业、气象干旱灾害，又能够监测水文干旱灾害。 |
| 英文摘要 | Currently, as an international hotspots, global warming, has become an accepted fact. Western China, with fragile ecological environment, is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change. Glaciers melting and permafrost degradation in western China are accelerated by climate warming, which has changed the structure of water resources in this region. The uncertainty of the water resource is also exacerbated. So the regions’ water resources management should be updated. Furthermore, the position of this region implies that the changes of water cycle in western China will have significant impacts on global climate change and human well-being. Therefore, the study of spatial and temporal distribution of hydrological variabilities in western China is important to understand the water cycle, and to develop measurements and adapt to climate change. Climate warming will lead to frequent occurrence of extreme hydrological events, resulting in a series of drought and flood events. Accurately monitoring large-scale drought events using remote sensing technology, especially for the droughts occurred in the areas with scarce observations, is important for the national industrial and agricultural, social economy and regional sustainable development. With the successful launch of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity satellites, it has become possible to obtain high-precision, fast acquisition and regional scales of the terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) and groundwater changes. Based on the GRACE gravity satellites data, microwave remote sensing data, hydrological models, meteorological and hydrological observation datasets, spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrological variabilities in two typical regions in western China, the arid land of northwestern China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, were analyzed and the reasons for variabilites were discussed. Drought events in the last ten years were monitored using GRACE gravity satellites datasets. The innovation of this paper is monitoring spatiotemporal dynamic changes of TWSC and drought events using GRACE gravity satellites data. A thorough, in-depth and systematic research are made and the main conclusions are as follows: (1) The TWSC in the arid land of northwestern China was increasing at a rate of 1.7 mm/year during 2002.08 - 2013.12, consistent with the upward trend in precipitation. The water storage in the Northern Xinjiang was decreasing at a rate of 3.64mm/year. And the TWSCs in the Southern Xinjiang and Hexi-Alashan were increasing at a rate of 2.14mm/year and 1.63mm/year, respectively. Decrease of the water storage in Northern Xinjiang can mainly be attributed to reduced rainfall and much more outflow of glacial meltwater from the Tianshan region. In recent years, due to the increasing rainfall, the decreasing evapotranspiration, TWSC in Southern Xinjiang presented an increasing trend. Furthermore, because of the accelerating ablation of glaciers in the surrounding mountains, much more glacial meltwater entered the Southern Xinjiang region, which characterized large variations of water storage. Similar with the Southern Xinjiang region, the increased water storage in Hexi-Alashan region mainly came from increased precipitation and decreased evapotranspiration. (2) TWSC in Southern Xinjiang was obviously greater than TWSCs in other sub-regions. Soil moisture in Hexi-Alashan and Southern Xinjiang increased in spring and summer, while soil moisture in Northern Xinjiang increased just in spring. Snow water equivalent in Northern Xinjiang was the largest, while they were so few in Hexi-Alashan and Southern Xinjiang. (3) In 2008 and 2009, extreme drought events occurred in the arid land of northwestern China. During the two years, there was less precipitation, high temperatures in the region, and the total water storage, soil moisture, snow water equivalent all showed significant losses. The maximum NDVI in the growing season in 2008 and 2009 was notable lower than in the other years, indicating that NDVI vegetation index in arid area was sensitive to the TWSC. (4) Rainfall in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau concentrated from May to September; the total water storage increased in July to October; soil moisture increased from June to September; snow water equivalent concentrated in the November to next April. Soil moisture in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and precipitation was simultaneous, the TWSC lagged rainfall 1~2 months. Snow water equivalent had an opposite seasonal change relative to the TWSC. (5) Under the influence of precipitation, evapotranspiration, glaciers and permafrost and other factors, the TWSC in the Three-River Source Region and continuous permafrost region showed a significant upward trend during 2002.08-2013.12, with a rate of 3.8 mm/year, 4.5 mm/year, respectively. While the TWSC in discontinuous permafrost region displayed a declined trend, with a rate of -5.2mm/year. (6) This study demonstrates the unique potential of GRACE gravity satellites in monitoring large-scale drought events in the arid land. (a). Based on the relative water storage deficits, there were seven drought events in Xinjiang during August 2002 and July 2013. The drought characteristics of GRACE-based were consistent with the results of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Bulletin of flood and drought disasters in China and local news reports. (b). Based on the total storage deficit index (TSDI), there were five drought events in the arid region of Northwest China from January 2003 to December 2012. A long-term and severe drought occurred from May 2008 to December 2009, and this long-term drought mainly concentrated in the northwestern area of Xinjiang. These drought characteristics, which were detected by TSDI, were consistent with local news reports and other researchers’ results. Furthermore, a comparison between TSDI and SPI implied that GRACE TSDI was a more reliable integrated drought indicator (monitoring agricultural, meteorological and hydrological drought) in terms of considering total terrestrial water storages for large regions. The GRACE-derived TSDI can therefore be used to characterize and monitor large-scale droughts in the arid regions, being of special value for areas with scarce observations. |
| 中文关键词 | GRACE重力卫星 ; 水储量变化 ; 水文变化 ; 干旱灾害 ; 中国西部地区 |
| 英文关键词 | GRACE gravity satellites terrestrial water storage change hydrological variability drought events western China |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287541 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 曹艳萍. GRACE重力卫星监测中国西部地区水文变化及干旱灾害[D]. 中国科学院大学,2015. |
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