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| 榆林王阳畔、神圪垯墚遗址的植硅体分析 | |
| 其他题名 | The Phytolith Analysis of the Wangyangpan Site and Shengedaliang Site in Yulin |
| 夏秀敏 | |
| 出版年 | 2015 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 吴妍 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 榆林地区位于陕西的北部，地处北方长城沿线农牧交错带，自古以来就是中原农耕人群与北方游牧民族交汇的重要区域。该地区属于北方草原、沙漠地带向黄土高原的过渡区，对生态环境和气候变化的响应较为敏感，是研究环境演变和人地关系的适宜地带。系统探讨榆林地区农业活动与环境适应方式的演变，将有助于深入研究生态过渡带的文化演进过程与机制等重要科学问题。然而，囿于考古资料和相关分析方法，人们对该地区农业活动的方式与强度，农业与环境响应等信息仍不甚清晰。榆林地区植物考古工作起步较晚，大植物浮选工作较少，利用微体生物指标探早期农业活动的工作尚未开展。植硅体作为一个微体生物指标，在探讨农作物的扩散、植物的可利用性和古遗址生态环境变迁方面具有独特的优势。 本研究在基于植硅体分析的基础之上，选取了榆林地区王阳畔遗址和神圪垯墚遗址，结合碳十四测年、大植物浮选和相关的考古资料，探讨了榆林地区史前农业活动状况和环境变化。另结合榆科植硅体形态定性和定量的分析，探讨了王阳畔遗址木本植硅体的来源及其在史前考古上的应用。 榆林地区的史前农业活动大致经历了两个阶段：（1）在仰韶时代晚期至龙山早期，生业模式为农业和渔猎结合在一起的混合经济。具体说来，在王阳畔遗址，仰韶晚期，粟类作物是先民的主要粮食作物。龙山早期，人们对粟作农业的依赖性降低，更趋向于农业、狩猎、采集的混合经济模式。（2）在龙山晚期，农业的生产强度降低，但仍有一定的地位。随着食草性动物羊、牛的传入，依托于定居农业的畜牧业逐渐发展起来，形成了农牧混合的生业模式。神圪达墚遗址占用期，气候的干凉化对农业生产造成一定的影响，仅见少量的粟类遗存。 榆林地区史前环境经历了这样一个过程：王阳畔遗址期间，气候是略偏凉偏干的，但处于大暖期相对稳定的高温区，适宜生存；与前期相比，气候转冷，呈现干凉走势。在5Ka.B.P.左右榆林地区出现变冷的事件。在4Ka.B.P.前后，榆林地区的气候进一步向干凉化发展。具体到神圪垯墚遗址占用期，气候较为干凉，植被以草原为主，但仍较适宜人类活动。 综合植硅体形态和相关参数的定性和定量分析，我们认为王阳畔遗址的灰坑中木本植硅体来源于榆科叶片。在仰韶晚期，先民可能利用榆叶作为储藏粮食的覆盖物，抑或是作为一种食物或饲料储藏。先民是否已食用榆钱尚需要更多证据的支持。该方法也可为后续木本植硅体的形态分析鉴定提供极有意义的参考。 |
| 英文摘要 | The Yulin region located in northern Shaanxi Province is an important region where farming population from the Central Plains and the northern nomadic peoples interacted since time immemorial. The region belongs to the transition zone where the northern grassland, desert and Loess Plateau mix. Such an ecological transition zone is sensitive to environmental change. Such an environment is also an appropriate region to study environmental change and human / environmental relationships. Systematic research focusing on agricultural activities and physical changes in the environment are important in studying the cultural evolution process within an ecological transition zone. Recent archaeobotanical research in the Yulin area using micro biological indicators of agricultural activity has been undertaken. Analysis of opal phytoliths and their preservation in archaeological contexts have a unique advantage for studying the different types of agricultural plants that are present and changes of the botanical environment. Based on the phytolith analysis,we choose the Wangyangpan site and the Shengedaliang site from Yulin.We discuss the prehistoric agricultural activities and environmental change combined the carbon 14 dating,plants flotation and relevant archaeological datas.In addition,we probe into the source of phytoliths of woody plant from wangyangpan site and its application in prehistoric archaeology. The prehistoric agricultural activity of Yulin has experienced two stages roughly. From the Late Yangshao to the Early Longshan Period,subsistence pattern is mixed economy ,which contains agriculture ,fishing and hunting.Specifically,the millet crops are the staple food during the Late Yangshao Period when the Wangyangpan site exists. During Early Longshan Period,people dependence on the millet decrease and trend to the mixed economy pattern to a higher degree.In the Late Longshan Period,the production of agriculture fall,while still occupies a certain position.With the intorduction of herbivorous animals (cattle and sheep),animal husbandy develops gradually based on the settlement.While the Shengedaliang site was occupied,the dry cold climate has impacted on the agricultural production with a small amount of millet remains. The course of the prehistoric environment change in Yulin region is as follows. It is standing at a relatively stable high-temperature interval in the Holocene Megathermal when Wangyangpan Site was occupied, but has become cooler and drier slightly than that of today. A distinct cold event occurs in Yulin about 5Ka.B.P. The cool and dry trend persists until 4Ka.B.P. The occupation of the Shengedaliang Site occurred during a dry and cool period that turned the once forested region into a prairie, though suitable for human practicing agriculture and animal husbandry. Comprehensive analysis of the phytolith morphology and related parameters, we consider that the woody plant phytolith in the ash pits of Wangyangpan Site derives from the laminas of Ulmaceae. Leaves of elms may have been used as blankets of grain storage, or even stored as food or feed themselves. It still needs more evidence to confirm whether the fruits of elms have been part of the diet of ancestors at that time. Besides, the method here can also provide a meaningful reference to morphological analysis and identification of phytolith of other xylophyta. |
| 中文关键词 | 榆林 ; 植硅体 ; 王阳畔遗址 ; 神圪垯墚遗址 ; 农业活动 ; 环境变化 ; 榆科 |
| 英文关键词 | Yulin phytolith Wangyangpan site Shengedaliang site agricultural activities environmental change Ulmaceae |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 科技考古 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287511 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 夏秀敏. 榆林王阳畔、神圪垯墚遗址的植硅体分析[D]. 中国科学院大学,2015. |
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