Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 基于遥感的柴达木盆地水分消耗规律研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Study on water consumption in Qaidam Basin based on remote sensing |
| 朱文彬 | |
| 出版年 | 2015 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 贾绍凤 ; 吕爱锋 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 无测站流域和资料匮乏流域水循环要素的模拟估算，一直是水文学研究中的难点。本研究针对柴达木盆地资料匮乏和水资源短缺的现状，综合利用地理信息系统、遥感技术和传统的水文以及气象观测资料，在遥感蒸散发（ET）模型和分布式水文模型的支持下，对其陆面蒸散发过程和流域产汇流过程进行模拟估算，在此基础上揭示柴达木盆地从山区到盆地底部不同生态景观和植被类型的水分消耗规律。因此本研究具有重要的科学意义，一方面对资料匮乏地区的水文模拟研究进行了积极的探索，是PUB（Predictions of Ungauged Basins）研究计划的重要组分；另一方面弄清楚盆地的水分消耗规律，特别是蒸散发的时空分布规律，是基于ET进行流域水资源管理的重要内容。 基于研究区资料匮乏的现状，本文在前人研究的基础上，提出了一个完全基于MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）数据产品的全天气条件下陆面实际蒸散发模拟估算框架，以将模型对站点观测数据的依赖度降至最低（只需实测风速数据）。该框架通过对晴天和有云条件下地表净辐射和蒸发比两个变量的估算，得到了研究区时空连续的逐日陆面蒸散发。针对资料匮乏地区遥感蒸散发模型估算结果无法有效验证的难题，本研究以遥感数据为主要数据源构建了巴音河和香日德河两个流域的SWAT模型，以其日尺度的空间分布式输出结果为依据，在流域和子流域尺度上对遥感蒸散发模型的估算结果进行了对比分析；而在盆地整体尺度上，我们以地球重力卫星GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）数据为主要数据源，利用水量平衡原理对柴达木盆地的逐月蒸散发进行了估算，以在盆地尺度上实现与遥感蒸散发模型估算结果的相互比对。对比分析的结果表明遥感蒸散发模型的估算结果与蒸发皿观测数据、SWAT模型模拟结果和GRACE重力卫星数据估算结果均具有较好的一致性，误差在可接受的范围之内。 柴达木盆地的水分消耗规律研究是以遥感蒸散发模型为主要依据，通过与土地利用图和植被类型图的叠加分析与地统计分析实现的，主要得到以下结论：（1）2009年柴达木盆地的耗水总量为460.43亿m3，约占盆地总降水量的95%。（2）耗水量随着海拔高度的变化具有非常明显的垂直分带现象，无论在年尺度还是月尺度上，柴达木盆地的耗水量总体上都随着海拔高度的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势，但是拐点出现的高度带具有显著的季节差异，从枯水期到丰水期具有逐渐增高的趋势。（3）柴达木盆地不同生态景观类型之间的耗水量具有非常明显的差异，就单位面积的年耗水量来看，从大到小依次为高寒荒漠、林地、裸岩石砾地、草地、戈壁、沼泽地、盐碱地和沙地，山区生态景观的耗水量明显高于内部平原区；而就耗水总量来看，草地是年耗水总量最高的生态景观类型，高达146.22亿m3，占盆地总耗水量的31.76%，其它各种生态景观类型从大到小排列依次为裸岩石砾地、戈壁、高寒荒漠、沙地、盐碱地、其它类型、沼泽地和林地，山区生态景观依然高于盆地内部的生态景观。（4）柴达木盆地的植被分布具有明显的垂直地带性，在四周山区按照海拔由高到低依次是无植被区、垫状植被、高寒草甸、高寒草原和温带草原五种植被类型，它们在年尺度上的耗水量具有先增加后减少的趋势，高寒草甸是年耗水量最高的山区植被类型；内部平原区主要由温带荒漠、耕种作物、温带草甸、灌丛植被和无植被区五种植被类型构成，在年尺度上的耗水量具有耕种作物高于自然植被，而自然植被又高于无植被区的特点。 |
| 英文摘要 | The Qaidam Basin, as the highest basin of China, is located on the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Due to its special geographical location and climatic characteristics, the ecology of the Qaidam Basin is relatively fragile. Especially in the context of global change and exploitation of the basin’s resources, the Qaidam Basin has become one of the most sensitive regions to climate change in the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Qaidam Basin, moreover, is typical of an arid and semi-arid area. Water resources have become one of the key factors that restrict the socio-economic development of this region. Facing the contradictions between socio-economic development and the protection of ecology, it is of great importance to investigate the pattern of water consumption in the Qaidam Basin systematically. However, estimation of water cycle elements in ungauged basins has always been a challenge in hydrology. In this study, based on geographic information system and remote sensing technology, a framework was developed for estimating spatially distributed daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) with fine spatial resolution for all sky conditions based entirely on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. On the basis of an extension of Priestley-Taylor’s equation, the final estimates of land surface evapotranspiration were achieved though the estimates of available energy and evaporative fraction. The daily distributed net radiation was estimated with spatially varied parameters from a series of MODIS products, and evaporative fraction at pixel resolution was estimated by the application of the Ts-VI triangle method, in which the theoretical dry edge of the Ts-VI triangle space was defined by the application of surface energy balance principle. Because of the lack of ET measurements, the validation of ET estimates in ungauged basins is another problem to be solved. In this study, SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）model was used to simulate the runoff in Xiangride River and Bayin River basins. Then the ET estimates at daily scale produced by the calibrated SWAT model was used to contrast with the results of ET model at both basin and subbasin scale. For the whole basin, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data was used to estimate monthly evapotranspiration based on the principle of water balance. The results then were used to contrast with the ET estimates of ET model at the whole basin scale. Both of these contrast analysis showed that the evapotranspiration estimated by the remote sensing-based ET model fitted well with the evapotranspiration retrieved from SWAT model and GRACE data, and could be used to study the pattern of water consumption in Qaidam Basin. Main conclusions on the water consumption have been outlined as follows: (1) The total amount of water consumption in Qaidam Basin of the year 2009 was 46 billion cubic meters, which accounted for 95 percents of the total amount of rainfall.（2）The amount of water consumption varied significantly with the altitude. At both yearly and monthly scale, with the increase of altitude, the amount of water consumption increased first, and then began to decrease when the altitude reached a certain height. The altitude at which the decrease began varied with the seasons, and overall increased from dry season to wet season. (3) There was significant difference in the amount of water consumption among ecological landscapes. In term of water consumption per unit area, from large to small the order was alpine desert, woodland, bare rocks, grassland, Gobi, marshland, saline-alkali soil and dune. The amount of water consumption of ecological landscapes in mountain areas was overall larger than those in the interior of the basin. When taking the area of ecological landscapes into consideration, grassland occupied the biggest share of the total amount of water consumption in Qaidam basin, followed by bare rocks, Gobi, alpine desert, dune, saline-alkal |
| 中文关键词 | 水分消耗 ; 蒸散发 ; 遥感 ; SWAT ; 柴达木盆地 |
| 英文关键词 | water consumption evapotranspiration remote sensing SWAT Qaidam Basin |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然资源学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287487 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 朱文彬. 基于遥感的柴达木盆地水分消耗规律研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2015. |
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