Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 养分管理对新疆灰漠土农田生产力、碳氮平衡及温室气体通量的影响 | |
| 其他题名 | Effects of Nutrient Management on Crop Productivity, Carbon and Nitrogen Balance and Greenhouse Gases Fluxes in a Grey Desert Oasis Soil |
| 吕金岭 | |
| 出版年 | 2014 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 刘学军 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 绿洲干旱区农田大部分地区土壤贫瘠，肥力低下，严重限制了该地区作物产量的提高，大量实践证明通过增加肥料投入来培肥土壤，是提高该区粮食单产、实现农业可持续发展的关键措施。但不合理的肥料施用不仅资源利用效率低，而且可能会带来潜在的生态和环境问题。本文以“国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期施肥试验”为基础，利用大田长期定位监测、结合15N同位素示踪实验、RothC模型以及相关室内分析等方法，系统研究了22年来灰漠土不同养分管理作物生产力、土壤肥力演变、碳氮平衡、 棉田温室气体通量与全球增温潜势，以期为制定高产、优质、高效的养分管理措施、减少农田养分损失和环境风险、提高养分利用率提供依据。主要研究结果如下： 1、在灰漠土长期定位实验中，NPK以及NPK与秸秆、有机肥配施能维持系统生产力，保证了作物产量。N、P、K不均衡配施处理（除NP），产量显著低于NPK处理。与其它处理相比，NP处理的产量无明显下降，说明灰漠土土壤K素丰富，N、P是灰漠土农田的限制性养分。适量有机肥配施化肥（NPKM）处理，比单施化肥平均增产冬小麦7.8%、春小麦22.4%、玉米8.4%和棉花19.4%；而在此基础上施用高量化肥和髙量有机肥（NPKM+）的作物产量与NPKM处理无显著差异。此外，NPKM处理拥有较高的氮收获指数和相对较低的产量变异系数（CV），说明适量有机肥配施化肥处理（NPKM）既可以保证作物产量及其稳定性，又能提高氮肥利用率。 2、在灰漠土长期轮作体系中，22年不施N肥，冬小麦、春小麦、夏玉米和棉花，灰漠土N素自然供给力分别从91%、72%、94.5%和100%下降到34%、38%、75%和51%；22年不施P肥，冬小麦、春小麦、夏玉米和棉花，灰漠土土壤P素自然供给力分别由89%、59.4%、102%和100%下降到33.6%、42.2%、75.6%和51%；而缺K的NP处理，产量并没有明显下降。说明N、P是影响干旱区灰漠土作物高产的限制因素，应重视氮磷肥的施用。 3、不同施肥处理耕层和犁底层全氮和碱解氮有明显不同，22年轮作后，除了化肥配施有机肥外，其余各施肥处理的土壤全氮含量与试验前相比基本保持平衡状态。化肥配施有机肥土壤全氮提升较快，22年耕层土壤提高了27-33%，犁底层土壤提高6-15%；碱解氮变化几乎同全氮变化一致，其含量从高到低依次为：NPKM+>NPKM>NPKS>NPK >CK，说明化肥无机肥配施能有效提高土壤全氮和碱解氮含量。化肥配施有机肥使土壤碱解氮含量提高了14.9-43.0%，这一结果证实了有机肥处理更容易使全氮和无机氮在土壤中累积。 4、22年不施肥，有机质含量由15.2 g kg-1降到14.4 g kg-1。N、NK和PK处理耕层土壤有机质含量与试验前相比，分别从1990年的18.0 g kg-1、16.2 g kg-1和16.5 g kg-1降低到2011年的16.5 g kg-1、13.45 g kg-1和14.4 g kg-1，降低幅度分别为8.3%、17%和12.7%，降幅较为明显。NPK和NP处理有机质都有不同程度提高 ，增幅分别为0.22和1.82 g kg-1。有机肥与化肥配合施用加快了耕层有机质的积累，比试验前平均分别增加了10.9 g kg-1 和23.5 g kg-1，显著提高了耕层土壤有机质的含量。通过对相关参数的调整，RothC 模型能够很好的模拟干旱区灰漠土有机碳动态。CK、PK、NK、NPK、NPKS和NPKM有机碳的累积输入量依次为7.62、11.67、11.87、11.26、10.71、73.95和70.79 t C ha-1，而CK、PK、NK、NP、NPK、NPKS和NPKM的年均有机碳累积量分别为-0.02、-0.07、-0.09、0.12、0.3、0.3和1.2 t C ha-1 yr-1。均衡施肥，尤其有机无机配施对于干旱区碳汇增加更为明显。 5、基于长期定位背景条件下，不同施肥处理棉田温室气体排放情况如下：每公顷棉田每年土壤CH4排放量分别为-2.3 (CK)，-0.5(NPK)，-4.9 (NPKS)，-3.8 (NPKM)和8.0 (NPKM+) kg CH4-C ha-1 yr-1。所有处理的年均N2O排放量变幅介于0.6 到 3.8 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1。 不同施肥处理年平均C输入分别为0.35 (CK), 0.49 (NPK), 3.36 (NPKS), 3.20 (NPKM)和5.88 t C ha-1 (NPKM+)，与不同处理棉田CO2排放量（4.52-8.49 t CO2-C ha-1）成显著线性相关（ R2 = 0.678, P<0.05 ）。不同施肥处理（CK、NPK、NPKS、NPKM和NPKM+)其全球增温潜势（GWP）分别为613、967、871、-2286和-4535 kg CO2-eqv. ha-1 yr-1，这说明，有机肥添加可显著降低增温潜势（GWP）。 6、干湿沉降和灌溉水氮是研究区的两种重要的环境氮源，其年输入量分别为37和17 kg N ha-1 yr-1，研究区年均来自于环境的氮素养分高达54 kg ha-1 yr-1，与长期不施肥小区作物年均吸氮量（65 kg N ha-1）相当，成为旱区农田不可忽视的氮源。滴灌覆膜条件下，小麦季15N标记肥料氮主要分布于0-40 cm土壤剖面，而在棉花季15N标记肥料氮集中在0-60 cm土壤剖面，很少有无机氮(Nmin)淋溶出1 m土壤剖面。小麦生长季，NPKM处理的土壤15N残留率为46.3%，其它处理在27-46%之间。从小麦生长季到棉花生长季，除了CK处理外，无机氮土壤剖面残留量都有显著增加，NPK、NPKS、 NPKM 和NPKM+的增加量分别为12%、7%、6% 和 16%。各施肥处理表观氮损失都较高，年均损失量介于150-234 kg N ha-1之间，占氮素总输入量的20-31%。随着施氮量的增加，作物吸氮量并没有明显提高，而土壤剖面中Nmin积累和表观损失量的增加，说明当前干旱区农田存在氮肥输入过多的现象，存在一定的环境风险。 |
| 英文摘要 | Most oasis arid farmland is barren and low soil fertility, severely limiting the improvement of crop yields in this region. A large number of research demonstrated that the suitable fertilizer inputs is an effective measure to improve soil fertility and grain yield to achieve sustainable agricultural development. However, unreasonable fertilizer use will reduce nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and may pose potential ecological and environmental problems. In this paper, based on the “National Grey Desert Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Monitoring Base”, we use the long-term monitoring data, short-term 15N-enriched isotope techniques, RothC model and related lab analysis systematically to study the dynamics of crop productivity and soil fertility, carbon and nitrogen balances, and greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential (GPW) under different fertilization treatments in a 22-year experiment. Through a comprehensive assessment on crop yield, soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and environmental impact, we try to develop high-yield, high-quality and efficient nutrient management practices and reduce agricultural nutrient losses and environmental risks in the arid grey desert region. The main findings are summarized as follows : 1. The treatments of NPK and NPK and NPK plus straw (NPKS), NPK plus manures (NPKM, NPKM+) can maintain high productivity and crop yields in the long-term experiment. Crop yields in unbalanced fertilizer treatments (e.g. CK, P, K, PK, NK but NP) were significantly lower than that in NPK treatment. However, compared with other treatments, there is no significant decrease in yield for NP but significant decrease in NK treatment, indicating that the extreme arid oasis grey desert are rich in K. The N and P are the two most important yield-limiting factors in the grey desert farmland. NPKM treatment obtained the highest average yield, with 7.8%, 22.4%, 19.4% and 8.4% higher yields of winter wheat, spring wheat, corn and cotton than the NPK treatment, respectively. The high-amount manure use (NPKM+) and straw-returned (NPKS) treatments had no obvious increase in crop yield compared with NPK treatment. In addition, NPKM treatment had higher N harvest index and relatively low yields variations (CV), indicating that suitable amount of organic fertilizer use can guarantee both high crop yield and its stability. 2. Compared with NPK, N supply capacity of CK reduced from 91%, 72%, 94.5% and 100% to 34%, 38%, 75% and 51% for winter wheat, spring wheat and maize and cotton, respectively; the soil P supply capacity of CK decreased from 89%, 59.4%, 102% and 100% to 33.6%, 42.2%, 75.6% and 51% for winter wheat, spring wheat and maize and cotton, respectively. However, NP treatment had no significant decline in yields, suggesting that K is not the limited factor for yield in the experimental condition. 3. Different treatments had different alkali-hydrolyzale N contents in topsoil and subsoil. The total N of nearly all the unbalance fertilizer treatments had no significantly difference after 22 years’ rotation. Fertilizers with organic manure improve soil nitrogen, the total N increased 27-33% for topsoil and 6-15% for plow soil; The changes of total N and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen keep almost unanimously, from high to low followed by: NPKM +> NPKM> NPKS> NPK> CK. It demonstrated that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer can effectively improve soil total N and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen content. Fertilizers with organic manure and chemical fertilizers with straw can increase the total N and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen about 14.9-43%, these results confirmed that the manure-added treatments made total N and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen more easier to accumulate in the soil. 4. Soil organic matter (SOM) in CK treatment was from 15.2 g kg-1 (beginning of the experiment) to 14.4 g kg-1 (22 years’ later in the experiment), the SOM in topsoil of N, NK and PK treatments were from 18 g kg-1 |
| 中文关键词 | 灰漠土 ; 土壤肥力 ; 氮素去向 ; 碳输出 ; 增温潜势 |
| 英文关键词 | Grey desert soil soil fertility fate of fertilizer N carbon input N2O emission global warming potential |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287439 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 吕金岭. 养分管理对新疆灰漠土农田生产力、碳氮平衡及温室气体通量的影响[D]. 中国科学院大学,2014. |
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