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| 荒漠蜥蜴的两性异形：以奇台沙蜥（Phrynocephalus grumgrizimailoi）和新疆沙虎（Teratoscincus przewalskii）为例 | |
| 其他题名 | Sexual Dimorphism of Desert lizards：Cases Study of Phrynocephalus grumgrizimailoi and Teratoscincus przewalskii |
| 廖灏泓 | |
| 出版年 | 2014 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 杨维康 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 动物两性间在体型、体态以及体色等方面产生差异的现象被称两性异形（sexual dimorphism，SD），其中个体大小的两性异形（sexual size dimorphism，SSD）最受关注。两性异形是动物界的一种普遍现象，它反映了两性个体在不同选择压力作用下产生适应的结果。性选择压力、生育力选择压力和生态位分离假说被认为是导致两性异形发生的三大原因。两性异形现象在两栖爬行动物中尤为普遍，并且由于具有终生生长的特性，两栖爬行动物的两性异形是受到多种因素综合作用的结果，因而两栖爬行动物已成为研究两性异形的理想类群，并已得到了广泛而深入的研究。 两栖爬行动物中，蜥蜴的两性异形受到的关注最多，目前国内对蜥蜴两性异形的研究主要集中在湿润山林地带的蜥蜴，干旱荒漠生境中的蜥蜴则受关注甚少。因此，本研究选择分布于中国西北干旱区的两种典型荒漠蜥蜴――奇台沙蜥（Phrynocephalus grumgrizimailoi）和新疆沙虎（Teratoscincus przewalskii）开展了研究。分别检验这两个物种是否存在个体大小的两性异形（SSD）及局部特征的两性异形（SShD）；研究奇台沙蜥的食物量和食物大小是否具有两性差异并检验个体大小、头宽和口宽的两性异形与两性的食物差异是否相关；最后检验新疆沙虎在多个地理种群间是否具有两性异形的的地理变异。研究工作于2012年7月至2013年9月分别在古尔班通古特沙漠东缘，塔克拉玛干沙漠南北缘开展。通过野外样本采集、形态特征测量、室内食物分析以及数据统计，得出的主要结果如下： 1）奇台沙蜥的个体大小具有显著的两性异形（SSD），且雄性体长（56.57±0.35 mm）大于雌性（55.52±0.30 mm），属于雄性偏大的两性大小异形模式。两性的腹长、头长、头高、眼间距、前肢长和后肢长均相对于体长呈同速增长；而两性的尾长、头宽和口宽相对于体长则呈异速增长。9个局部特征均具有显著的两性异形，除雌性的腹长大于雄性以外，头长、头高、头宽、眼间距、口宽、尾长、前肢长和后肢长等8个特征均为雄性大于雌性。个体大小、头部、尾长和肢长的两性异形可能是由性选择压力所导致的，雌性较大的腹长则可能与生育力选择压力有关。尾长是奇台沙蜥差异最显著的特征，利用尾长可以较准确地对奇台沙蜥的性别进行判断。 2）奇台沙蜥的食物总体积，食物最大体积，食物最大长度及食物最大宽度均无显著的两性差异。雌性和雄性的食物总体积与体长具有显著的正相关性，表明蜥蜴体长越大，所摄食的总食物量越大；两性的食物最大体积和最大宽度与口宽也存在正相关性，表明蜥蜴摄食的食物体积和食物宽度随口宽的增大而增大。奇台沙蜥个体大小、头宽及口宽的两性异形可能不是由两性取食分化所引起的。 3）新疆沙虎雄性体长（75.24±1.21 mm）与雌性体长（74.82±1.20 mm）无显著差异，属于雌雄同型的两性大小异形模式。新疆沙虎的头长、头宽、头高、尾长、眼间距、前肢长和后肢长均无显著的两性差异。而腹长和口宽则具有显著的两性异形，且均为雌性大于雄性，雌性较大的腹长可能受到了生育力选择压力的作用，而两性口宽异形则可能与两性取食差异有关。 4）新疆沙虎的体长、头高、眼间距和尾长在6个种群中均无显著的两性异形，仅且末种群的口宽和头宽具有显著的两性异形；因此新疆沙虎不存在个体大小、头高、尾长和眼间距的两性异形的地理变异，仅口宽和头宽的两性异形在个别种群间存在地理变异。塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘种群具有口宽和头宽的两性异形，而北缘种群的各个特征均无两性差异。 |
| 英文摘要 | Sexual Dimorphism of Desert lizards：Cases Study of Phrynocephalus grumgrizimailoi and Teratoscincus przewalskii Abstract The differences in body size, body shape, as well as coloration between male and female of the same species are defined as sexual dimorphism (SD). And sexual difference in body size or in other words, sexual size dimorphism (SSD), attracts a lot of attention of researchers. As a result of asymmetric selection pressure leading to different adaptations of male and female to environment, SSD is very common among animals. There are three popular hypotheses for the adaptive evolution of SSD: sexual selection, fecundity selection and ecological divergence of sexes. Amphibians and reptiles are animals with indeterminate growth, commonly exhibiting the diverse SSD and are regarded as ideal model for studying the evolution of SSD. The researches on sexual dimorphism of lizards are the most popular among amphibians and reptiles animals. However, most of the lizards reported on sexual dimorphism in China are the species locating in humid forest regions. On the contrast, most of the desert lizards in China have received limited attention. Therefore, in this research, Phrynocephalus grumgrizimailoi and Teratoscincus przewalskii, two typical desert lizards distributing in arid land in northwest China, were chosen as the model species to investigate the sexual dimorphism of desert lizards. The first aim of our research was to test if there were SSD and sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) in these two desert lizards. Secondly, we choose P. grumgrizimailoi to test if there existed food niche differentiation between female and male individuals and how the dietary divergence related to sexual dimorphism in body size and feeding apparatus. Lastly, we choose T. przewalskii, which was widely distributed around Xinjiang province, to investigate the interpopulation geographic variation of sexual dimorphism. The research was carried out from July 2012 to September 2013. We investigated and took samples around the east edge of Gurbantunggut desert and the south and north edge of Taklimakan desert, measured the morphological characteristics and analyzed the dietary in the laboratory. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) Male-biased SSD in snout-vent length (SVL) was observed in P. grumgrizimailoi, in which male mean SVL (56.57±0.35 mm) was a little larger than female (55.52±0.30 mm). The relative abdomen length (AL), head length (HL), head height (HH), interorbital distance (ID), forelimb length (FLL) and hindlimb length (HLL) showed isogony growth in both male and female; however, allometric relationships between tail length (TL), head width (HW), mouth width (MW) and SVL were found in both gender. All the eight body shape characteristics, including HL, HH, HW, ID, TL, MW, FLL and HLL were male-biased SD, except the AL, in which characteristics female (30.53±0.20 mm) was larger than male (28.99±0.20 mm). Our results indicated that the male-biased sexual dimorphism in body size, head size, tail length and limb length were all probably driven by the sexual selection pressure, while the female-biased SD in AL were probably related to the fecundity selection pressure. Sexual dimorphism of tail length (TSD) was most significant among all the nine body shape characters, and our results showed that TSD could be used to discriminate the gender of P. grumgrizimailoi accurately. 2) In the dietary study of P. grumgrizimailoi, there were no significant sexual differences in the total volume (Vt), maximum volume (Vmax), maximum length (Lmax) and maximum width (Wmax) of food. The total food volume both in male and female was statistically significant positive related to SVL, which indicated that the larger lizards would eat more food. We also found a positive relationship between Vmax, Wmax and MW, indicating that the volume and width of food eating by the lizards would become larger with the mouth width. Totally, our research didn’t support |
| 中文关键词 | 蜥蜴 ; 两性异形 ; 性选择 ; 生育力选择 ; 食物 |
| 英文关键词 | lizard sexual dimorphism sexual selection fecundity selection food |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287429 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 廖灏泓. 荒漠蜥蜴的两性异形：以奇台沙蜥（Phrynocephalus grumgrizimailoi）和新疆沙虎（Teratoscincus przewalskii）为例[D]. 中国科学院大学,2014. |
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